Stomach acid extraction

Stomach acid extraction, with metal concentrations reported on a dry weight basis. Total elemental contents in the dust sample were determined using strong acid digestion followed by induetively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as follows Ca 8.95 wt% Fe 0.79 wt% A1 1.16 wt% Mn 156 mg kg Ni 45.5 mg kg Cu 260 mg kg Zn 1,220 mg kg and Pb 1,670 mg kg . The bioaceessible eontent of Pb as determined by simulated stomach acid digestion was 1,586 mg kg . Bulk powdered XRD analysis identified the presence of calcite and various alumino-silicates. 

As discussed in Chapter 1, analysis involves the determination of the composition of a material, i.e. the identification of its constituent parts and in many cases how much of each is present and, sometimes, in what form each is present. This chapter describes the process of selecting a suitable analytical method to carry out such determinations and how to check that the procedure selected is adequate for the job in hand. Before starting work on a sample, it is vital to enquire why the analysis is being done and what will happen to the result(s) and what decisions will be taken based on the constituent parts identified and the numerical values obtained. It is essential that the requirements of the customer, internal or external, are fully understood. Which property needs to be measured (the measurand) For example, is it the total amount of iron in a tablet that is required or the amount extracted into stomach acid simulant ... 

It is also essential to have a clear understanding of the analyte or property being measured. For example, an analyst may be studying the amount of lead present in paint used on toys. One possibility would be to use a method which determines the total amount of lead present. Alternatively, the analyst may be interested in the amount of lead that is released from a paint sample taken from a toy when it has been extracted with a stomach-acid simulant. In both cases, the end measurement is the same - the concentration of lead in a solution. However, the results from the two approaches would be very different. In the first case, the sample will have been digested with a strong acid solution which should release all of the lead present in the sample. In the second case, we would expect the results to be lower as the method is designed to estimate the amount of lead released under particular conditions. The second type of method is sometimes referred to as an empirical method. This is a method where the result produced is entirely dependent on the analytical method. In the above example, if the... 

Pancreatin is a pancreatic extract usually obtained from the pancrease of slaughterhouse animals. It contains a mixture of enzymes, principally amylase, protease and lipase, and, thus, exhibits a broad digestive capability. It is administered orally mainly for the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency caused by cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis. As it is sensitive to stomach acid, it must be administered in high doses or, more usually, as enteric-coated granules or capsules that may be taken directly or sprinkled upon the food prior to its ingestion. Individual digestive activities, such as papain, pepsin or bromelains (proteases), or a-amylase are sometimes used in place of pancreatin. 

Test for Carbamates in Stomach Contents Acidify a portion of the sample widi 2M hydrochloric acid, extract with four times its volume of chloroform, separate the chloroform layer, and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 0.5 ml of ethanol and spot a 0.1-ml portion on to a filter paper stain the spot with 0.01 ml oifurfuraldehyde solution, allow to dry, and expose the paper to the fumes of hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 minutes. A black spot indicates die presence of a carbamate. Meprobamate can be detected and quantified by gas chromatography (p. 15). 

Method. If the sample is a solid or a semi-solid, homogenise it witii an equal quantity of water. In the case of foodstuff s or stomach contents, treat the homogenate with saturated calcium chloride solution, allow to stand overnight, and filter. Extract SOI aliquot of the s nple or of the filtered homogenate with SOI equal voliune of redistilled ether, separate, and retain the ether fraction. Adjust the aqueous fraction to pH 2 by the addition of 2M hydrochloric acid, extract with an equal volume of ether, and combine the two ether fractions. Retain the aqueous fraction for later examination. 

As this process can also occur in the human stomach, this extraction can be considered as a reasonable approach to estimate the sample potential toxicity [34] but this needs to be further studied. Moreover, the extent of the hydrolysis is dependent on the pH during extraction hence, fine adjustment of the pH of the extract, before and after heating, is needed to achieve reproducible results. However, some authors [22,26,33] employed acetic acid as the extraction solvent. The main advantage of an extraction with acetic acid is the fact that it leaves the toxin profile of the sample practically intact, since hydrolysis of PSP toxins does not occur. 

Documented effects This species is used to make preparations to treat cases of gastritis with low stomach acidity, to increase appetite, and as a choleretic. In combination with other medicines, preparations are also used to treat chronic diseases of the pancreas, stomach, and intestinal tract. Because of the presence of azulene, this species is used to treat allergic reactions of the skin (Kurochkin 1998). Ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of the whole plant inhibited a variety of microorganisms (Erdogrul 2002). 

Although acid caseins are employed for a number of purposes, rennet caseins in which the protein remains associated with calcium and phosphate are preferred for plastics applications. Rennet is the dried extract of rennin, obtained from the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves, and is a very powerful coagulant. As little as 0.2 parts per million are said to be sufficient to coagulate slightly acidic milk. Its coagulating power is destroyed at 100°C. 

Milieu conditions in gastrointestinal tract can influence the pectin structure and properties. Under the acid conditions of the stomach (pH 2-4) extraction of pectin from plant cell walls and hydrolysis of side chains can occur. In small intestine (pH 5-6) -elimination of main chains or de-esterification seems to be possible. In caecum and colon (pH 6-8) a strong fermentation of pectin takes place causing depolymerization to oligomers and leading to formation of short chain fatty acids and gases. The presence of OligoGalA is not yet clarified. 

Tissue accumulation of exogenously added tritiated PGs was shown for the spider crab Libinia emarginata [107]. The earliest report of possible oxylipin production in marine arthropods was from gill and stomach tissues of the lobster Homarus sp. [15]. These were tested for their ability to produce prostaglandins in incubations with all-cis-[8,9,ll,12,14,15-3H6]eicosatrienoic acid. Carrier PGEj was added and the PGErtype compounds from the extract were purified by TLC. Quantitation was done by UV absorption at 278 nm after... 

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