Stoichiometric table with condensation

We must use the column in the stoichiometric table labeled after condensation in conjunction with Equation (E3-10.11) to determine and Cg. 

P3-21b The gas-phase reaction between cMotine and methane to form carbon tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid is to be carried out at 75 C and at 950 kPa in a continuous-flow reactor. The vapor pressure of carbon tetrachloiide at 75°C is approximately 95 kPa. Set up a stoichiometric table for this reaction with phase change. Calculate the conversion of methane at which condensation begins. Plot the concentrations and molar flow rates of each species as well as the total molar flow rate as a function of conversion for a stoichiometric feed, The volumetric flow rate is 0.4 dm /s. 

We now will develop our stoichiometric table for reactions with phase change. When one of the products condenses during the course of a reaction, calculation of the change in volume or volumetric flow rate must be undertaken in a slightly different manner. Consider another isothermal reaction ... 

Formaldehyde is stoichiometrically burned at constant pressure with oxygen (gas) to completion. C02 and H20, condensed as a liquid, are the sole products. The initial temperature before the reaction is 50 °C and the final temperature after its completion is 600 °C. Find, per mole of fuel, the heat transferred in the process, and state whether it is added or lost. Assume a constant specific heat of 35 J/mole K for all the species. Use Table 2.2 for all of your data. 

When impregnated with Ce(N03)3 solution and calcined the resulting catalysts are extremely active towards SOx abatement (Table I, Figure 4). The solid solution spinel catalyst is nearly 25% more active than the stoichiometric spinel catalyst. This can be explained by assuming that -MgO- structural fragments of the spinel are the chemisorption active sites (1). There are more active sites in Mg2Al20c than in MgA1 04. We also see that the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation method is 4 times more active than the catalyst prepared by the thermal co-condensation method. In Zone D we see that the sulfated catalyst is very effectively reduced by H. Nearly 70% of the absorbed species is reduced within 2 min. of reduction. 

The reactions were carried out under the mildest conditions possible. CFCI3 or CFjClj or a mixture of the two was generally used as the solvent. A typical reaction was performed with 2-3 mmol of the alkene. The alkene was first condensed into the reactor, and solvent (ca. 20 mmol) was then condensed onto it at — 195 C. The contents were then warmed to 22 C to form a homogeneous solution of the alkene in the solvent. The reactor was then cooled to — 195 C, and a stoichiometric amount of CF3OF was condensed into the reactor. The reactor was then placed in a cold bath and allowed to slowly warm up to 22 C. The products of the reaction were separated by distilling through cooled traps. Products and reaction conditions are listed in Table 33. 

Lamaty and collaborators have carried out solvent-free synthesis of nitrones in a ball mill [43]. Equimolar amounts of various aldehydes and A -substituted-hydrox-ylamines were used in conjunction with sodium bicarbonate (Scheme 3.64). For stoichiometric reaction between benzaldehyde and AT-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, small amount of dichloromethane was used. This reaction proceeded as a one-step condensation to give the corresponding nitrones in nearly quantitative yields, without the need to exclude air and moisture, in a shorter reaction time than by classical methods, but with comparable yields, where excess of reagents under inert atmosphere are reacted at room temperature or under heating for 1 or 2days (selected results. Table 3.32). Furthermore, the F,Z-isomeric ratio of the products obtained in ball-milling conditions were identical to those already reported in literature all the nitrones were in the more stable Z-form, with the exception of A -(naphth-2-ylmethylidene) methylamine A -oxide, known to be in the F-form. Microwave-assisted reactions gave lower yields than ball mill. 

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