Stimulation fluids, environmental

Much attention has been given in recent years to the environmental aspects of both the drilling operation and the drilling fluid components. Well-deserved concern with the possibility of polluting underground water supplies and of damaging marine organisms, as well as with the more readily observed effects on soil productivity and surface water quality, has stimulated widespread studies on this subject. 

A single individual may produce a population of antibody specificities, an antibody repertoire, which is a reflection of all the B cell clones (lymphocyte repertoire) capable of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion in response to antigenic stimulation, but also in absence of exposure to environmental pathogens [48, 49]. Natural antibodies, in fact, are germ line-encoded molecules produced by a distinct population of peritoneal B cells, bearing the cell surface marker CD 5 and are present in the sera and interstitial fluids of healthy individuals [49-51]. 

Applications are mainly focused on the determination of drugs (e.g., anticonvulsant agents, barbiturates, (3-blockers, diuretics, corticoids, stimulants) in formulations of physiological fluids, such as serum, plasma, or urine. In this case, the direct injection capability of MLC is especially appreciated. Simple filtration of the sample permits the direct injection of the physiological fluids in the chromatographic system, with no noticeable damage after repetitive injections. MLC has also been extended to the analysis of samples of industrial, environmental, veterinarian, and nutritional interest. 

The desire to replace petroleum-based material with environmental-friendly and sustainable alternatives has stimulated the development of oil-based materials such as biodiesel. Emphasis on the development of renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly industrial fluids, biodiesel has resulted in the widespread use of natural oils and fats from nonedible purposes. 

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