Steroids table

The effects of both oxytocin and vasopressin are particularly responsive to reproductive steroids (Tables 7 and 8). Oxytocin and vasopressin are best known as neurohypophyseal peptides, released by the posterior pituitary. However, both peptides also are released within the nervous system. Receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin are distributed in areas of the CNS that have been implicated in reproduction, emotion and autonomic functions. 

A ranking of the relative fluorinating power of various N —F reagents in their reactions with steroids (Table 2) has also been possible. 

The metabolism of the naturally occurring adrenal steroids has been discussed above. The synthetic cortico-steroids (Table 39-1) are in most cases rapidly and completely absorbed when given by mouth. Although they are transported and metabolized in a fashion similar to that of the endogenous steroids, important differences exist. 

The drug options for controlling an acute attack of gout include NSAIDs, etori-coxib, colchicine and steroids (Table A10.1). 

One attraction of SHW is that it can be used for reversed-phase separations and is therefore readily applicable to a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds including barbiturates, sulfonamides, analgesics and steroids (Table 18-2), and anticancer drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and... 

The selective substitution of tertiary hydrogens with dilute elemental fluorine (5% in nitrogen) is successfully achieved in a range of noncyclic alkanes, cyclic alkanes, and even steroids (Table 1). A typical experimental procedure is given for the formation of 2.9... 

The steroids as a group tend to be poorly soluble in water. Their complex stmcture makes prediction of solubility somewhat difficult, but one can generally rationalise, post hoc, the solubility values of related steroids. Table 5.6 gives solubility data for 14 steroids. As examples, the substitution of an ethinyl group has conferred increased solubility on the estradiol molecule, as would be expected. Estradiol benzoate with its 3-OH substituent is much less soluble than the parent estradiol because of the loss of the hydroxyl and its substitution with a hydrophobic group. The same relationships are seen in testosterone and testosterone propionate. As both estradiol benzoate and testosterone propionate are oil soluble, they are used as solutions in castor oil and sesame oil for intramuscular and subcutaneous injection (see Chapter 9). 

Semisynthetic analogues exhibiting high mineralocorticoid activity are not employed in the treatment of rheumatic disorders because of toxic side effects resulting from a disturbance of electrolyte and water balance. Some newer synthetic steroids (Table 33.2) are relatively free of sodium-retaining activity. They may show other toxic manifestations, however, and eventually need to be withdrawn. 

The position of longest wavelength absorption (Xmax) depends in a predictable way on the substitution pattern of these simple molecules. A set of empirical correlations was collated by Robert Bums Woodward (1917-1979) and was known initially as Woodward s rules and now sometimes as Woodward s first rules. These rules were extended by Louis Fieser (1899-1977) and Mary Fieser (1909-1997) to include cyclic dienes in the polycyclic compounds called steroids. Table 12.2 summarizes Woodward s and the Fiesers mles. Woodward s very different second set of rules will appear in Chapter 20. 

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