Vessels and pipelines, steel

Chapter 7 Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Steel Vessels and Pipelines.157... 

Soft rubber is used for cable insulation, flexible hose, shock ab> sorbers, as a gasket material, and as a lining for iron and steel vessels and pipelines. When used as a lining, rubber is applied to the vessel with a special adhesive. Hard ebonites may be used for pump or valve linings and, without metal support, for smaller vessels. 

Adds One of the most extensive uses of austenitic steels has been for synthetic nitric acid plant, including oxidation coolers, absorption towers, storage vessels and pipelines, as well as transport tanks. For storage of cold 98% acid or for near-boiling solutions above 60% strength, 347S31 or 304S11 should be used. 

T. Ishiguro, K. Kimura, T. Hatakeyama, T. Tahara and K. Kawano, Effect of Metallurgical Factors on Hydrogen Attack Resistance in C-jMo Steel , presented at the Second International Conference on Interaction of Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel and Pipeline Service, The Materials Properties Council, Inc., Vienna, Austria, October 19-21, 1994. 

An open question is whether steels currently used in hydrogen gas vessels and pipelines can be employed for similar applications in the hydrogen energy infrastructure. 

Boiler quality carbon steel plate is a satisfactory material for construction of tanks, vessels, and pipelines. 

The metallurgy of the steel used for storage tanks, transport vessels, and pipelines is important but rather too complex for detailed explanation here. However, two points should be noted. Each type of steel has a transition temperature below which it is subject to brittle fracture. The brittle fracture is initiated at a notch or crack, usually near a weld where a stress occurs. Once... 

Carbon steel is a satisfactory material for construction of tanks, vessels and pipelines. Stainless steel and special nickel alloys, e.g. Carpenter 20, are very suitable, but expensive and their use is not justiried, except where erosion cannot be prevented. Of the non-metallic materials of construction, only PTFE or glass can withstand attack by oleum 65 and 20. 

The buildup of carbonaceous materials in the sulfuric acid presents one of the most serious problems of acid concentration (76—80). Acid concentration also presents a corrosion problem. The vessels are mild steel lined with lead or brick the steam heating elements are composed of siUcon, iron, or tantalum, and pipelines are generally constmcted of lead (81). 

High-pressure synthesis Here austenitic steels are applied to autoclaves and pressure-vessel linings, pipelines, valves and other equipment dealing with a variety of products, often at quite high temperatures. 

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