Steam Generator Design

After expanding the live steam in the HP turbine, the exhaust steam is returned to the steam generator to be reheated to a temperature of 620 °C in the intermediate pressure system that consists of the primary and secondary reheaters RHl and RH2. 

To control the superheater and reheater outlet temperatures, spray coolers are located between the bundle heat exchangers injecting preheated feedwater for desuperheating of the steam. 

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Boilers may be either hot water generators or steam generators, designed for land, locomotive, or marine duty, either portable (trailer mounted) or stationary. 

Larger clean-steam generator designs typically employ a pressure vessel (shell) containing a U-shaped tube bundle. The heat source is primary steam supplied to the shell side (which may be amine treated), and secondary clean steam is generated within the tubes. 

A steam generator designed to operate intermittently to meet peak demands for steam and electricity. 

Whichever steam generator design you select, it must be continuously monitored. If a steam generator runs out of water, the unit may be damaged, and the experiment or process that uses the steam will stop. 

Industrial Boilers and Heat Recovery Steam Generators Design, Applications, and Calculations, V. Ganapathy... 

Other areas of radiative transfer have been driven by increased capability of analysis due to the great strides in computer capability. Just a few years ago, two-dimensional problems of radiative transfer in enclosures with a participating medium were at the edge of computational capability. Now, these are routine, and many three-dimensional cases have been analyzed. Because of the need in applications such as utility steam generator design to analyze three-dimensional geometries with up to tens of thousands of surface and volume computational elements, much research is now focused on further increases in computational speed. Massively parallel computers may well provide the required computational capability for such problems. 

Steam generating installations consist of two types of elements (a) basic-the boiler itself, and (b) the accessory-pumps and treatment apparatuses for water and fuel, water and steam piping, air fans and smoke stacks. An oil- or gas-fired steam generator is shown in Fig. 96. The heating surfaces are divided into economizer section, evaporation elements, and steam superheaters (if present). The steam generator design may differ from the one shown in Fig. 96. 

The helical steam generator design can be considered favourably based on the Superphenix operating feedback. 

Sodium-water steam generator design features. One of the principal problems in the development of the sodium-water steam generator (SG) design is the choice of the tube bundle characteristics. 

Preserving acquired knowledge not only includes feedback obtained from the Rapsodie, Phenix, and SuperPhenix reactors, but also knowledge acquired at the time of the EFR Project (1988-1998) that allowed considerable improvements to be made after careful observation of the SuperPhenix reactor in terms of technology, in-service inspection, safety, steam generator design, and neutronics. 

Reversed steam generator design implies sodium flowing inside the tubes with water-steam flowing on the shell side. 

Experience has been gained also in operation of various steam generator designs. Based on this experience, effective automatic SG safety systems have been designed to assure shutdown of failed SA on the stage of small leak (before it grows to large ). Thus, any impact on the reactor plant from failed SG is eliminated. 

Tests and Inspections STEAM GENERATORS Design Bases Description Economizer Integrity Steam Generator Materials Steam Generator Tubes Tests and Inspections REACTOR COOLANT PIPING Design Basis Description Materials... 

These valves are each sized to pass a steam flow of 945,292 Ib/hr at 1308 psia. This limits steam generator pressure to less than 110% of steam generator design pressure during worst case transients. The secondary safety valves consist of two banks of 10 valves with staggered set pressures. The valves are spring-loaded safety valves procured in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III (see Table 5.2-1). Parameters for the secondary safety valves are given in Table 5.4.13-2. 

The steam generators shall meet the requirements of Sections III and XI of the ASMS B PV Code for design, manufacture, test, and inspection. Also, steam generator design shall meet the intent of the guidance given in SRP Sections 5.4.2.1, Rev. 2 and 5.4.2.2, Rev. 1 (Reference 3) for steam generator materials, quality assurance, inservice tube inspection, and secondary side water chemistry. 

These valves are conservatively sized to pass excess steam flow to limit steam generator pressure to less than 110% of steam generator design pressure during the worst case transients see CESSAR-DC, Section 5.2.2, Appendix 5A (submitted June 1990). 

REFERENCE PLANT The reactor concept is new, and there Is no reference plant yet. Develop programs under way are related to the thermal-hydraulic functions, the hot/cold Interface functions, the wet thermal insulation and the Once-Through Steam Generator design. References to plants in operation are valid for other systems and components, however. 

The once-through heat recovery steam generator design is ideally matched to very high temperature and pressure, well into the supercritical range. Moreover this type of boiler is structurally simpler than a conventional one, since no drum is required. A specific mathematical model has been developed. Thermodynamic model has been implemented to suit very high pressure (up to 240 bar), sub- and supercritical steam properties. We illustrate the model use with a 180 bar once-through boiler (0TB). 

A new steam generator design has been developed with a collector made from stainless steel and reduced number of tubes mounted by hydraulic tube expansion. 

Ansaldo Energia Italy Steam generators design... 

Polytechnic of Milan Italy Safety analyses, shielding, thermal hydraulics, steam generators design, advanced control system... 

Hune, A.W., Gerber, A., Pirns, J.P., SouciUe, L., 2015. ASTRID SFR prototype steam generator design evolution related to safety and cost issues. In Proceedings of ICAPP 2015, May 03—06, 2015-Nice (France) Paper 15236. 

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