Steady slate

This test is conducted to verify the suitability of the equipment to withstand a prospective short-circuit current that may develop on a fault. It may also be termed the steady slate symmetrical fault current or the short-time (withstand current) rating of the equipment. When the equipment is an interrupting device, it is referred to as its symmetrical breaking current. 

The technique of transient or quasi steady slate photoinduced absorption (PIA allows the population of excited states and also probing the optical transitions... 

The complexity of the terpolymer composition equation (eq. 36) can be reduced to eq. 41 through the use of a modified steady slate assumption (eqs. 38-40), However, while these equations apply to component binary copolymerizations it is not clear that they should apply to terpolymerization even though they appear to work well. It can be noted that when applying the Q-e scheme a terpolymer equation of this form is implied. 

Equation (8.10) can be further simplified by the Gibbs-Duhem equation for the solid solution (A, B)0. As a result, the differential equation for the steady slate demixing profile is found to be... 

Theoretical considerations favor liquid junctions by which cylindrical symmetry and a steady slate of ionic diffusion arc achieved. 

B. Baines, K. Brocklehurst, P. R. Cirey, M. Jarvis, Salih, and A. C. Stoner. Chymopapain A. Purification and investigation by covalent chromatography and characterization fav two-motonic-stote reactivitv nrabe kinetici. steady slate kinetics... 

Rao, C. V. Arkin, A. P. Stochastic chemical kinetics and the quasi-steady-slate assumption application to the Gillespie algorithm. / Chern Phys 2003,118 4999-5010. 

Steady-slate operation except when the catalyst is rapidly decaying. 

VALLEY is a steady-slate, univariate Gaussian plume dispersion algoritlun designed for estimating either 24-hour or aimual concentrations resulting from emissions from up to 50 (total) point and area sources. 

The result shown in Eq. 5K should not be surprising. The physical meaning of this equation is simply that even when the i /t] relationship is exponential, a small interval of this curve, near any given steady slate value, can be linearized. 

Table 2. Steady slate results of sorption and desorption.

Plug-flow membrane reactors arc not faced with potentially unstable states since no back mixing of mass or heat is involved. However, when the product is recycled, heat is exchanged between the product and the feed streams or dispersive backmixing exists, multiple steady slates can occur and membrane reactor stability needs to be considered. 

Methane is burned with air in a continuous steady-slate combustion reactor to yield a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. The reactions taking place are... 

Following is a labeled flowchart for a steady-slate two-unit process, with boundaries shown to denote subsystems about which balances can be taken. State the maximum number of balances that can be written for each subsystem and the order in which you would write balances to determine the unknown process variables. (See Example 4.4-1.)... 

Equation 7.4-12 could be used for all steady-slate open system energy balance problems. As a rule, however, the term Oj + PjVj is combined and written as Hj, the variable previously defined as the specific enthalpy. In terms of this variable. Equation 7.4-12 becomes... 

In realit>. the concept of a true steady slate is fiction, since there are always process variable fluctuations in real systems. Vhen you assume steady-state operation, you arc assuming that these fluctuations are small enough to be neglected without causing serious errors in calculated values. 

At steady slate nothing varies with time, so that the derivative of Ca (and of every other system variable) with respect to time must equal zero. Setting dC /dt = 0 in the balance equation and letting Ca = Cas (steady stale) in the resulting equation yields... 

We can now deduce quite a lot about the plot of Ca versus r. even though we have not yet solved the differential balance equation. We know a point at r = 0 (the initial condition) and the asymptotic value as r oo (the steady-slate solution), and we also have an expression for the slope of the plot at any time dCf idt) as a function of the concentration (slope = 0.150 - 0.0200Ca). Let us summarize what we can deduce. 

A surface contains no volume or mass, and thus no energy. Thereore, a surface can be viewed as a fictitious system whose energy content remains constant during a process (just like a steady-slate or steady-flow system). Then the energy balance for a surface can be expressed as... 

A) Show that the steady-slate temperature distribuGon has Ihe form T(x) — ax + bx + c, and deleimine the values and units of a, A, and c. The origin of x is shown in Ihe figure. Determine the location and value of Ihe maximum temperature in the wall. Could this location be found without knowing a. A, and c, but knowing that /(x) is a quadratic function Explain. 

Steady-Slate Nonisothermal aeaotor Design Chap, 8... 

Figure 16 shows the production rate of both CO2 and N2 at the outlet of the reactor. The Steady-Slate conversions of CO and NO are 56% and 7.4%, respectively, while the time-averaged conversions during cycling of the feed are 57.5% and 8.9%. These differences are explained as follows. 

The U-tube analogy is not perfect because most reactions that occur in a living cell never attain equilibrium. Instead, the reactants and products are maintained (within narrow limits) at steady-slate levels that may be quite different from the equilibrium levels. Nevertheless, the analogy illustrates how the energy released or utilized in a reaction depends on the displacemeni of the system from equilibrium. A mathematical statement of the AG of a reaction then must contain two terms one that indicates the actual concentrations of the substrates and products and one that states the equilibrium concentrations. Such an expression for the reaction cS] h dSah - aPi +... 

If the rate at which ES forms E P is rapid compared to the rate at which ES dissociates back to E + S, then E, S, and ES will not be at equilibrium, (The equilibrium level of ES cannot accumulate.) If the enzyme is present in "catalytic amounts (i.e., [S] [E]i), then very shortly after mixing E and S, a steady-Slate will be established in which the concentration of ES remains essentially constant with time (Fig. 4-6). A velocity equation can be derived in a manner very similar to that described earlier. This time, however, the concentration of ES is obtained from steady-state equations instead of equilibrium expressions. The reaction sequence is ... 

Li, F ) was put beftKchand onto Y-AI2O3 and the steady-slate activities were then measured. In such a case a susceptibility equation (refs. 12,13) describes the decrease of activity with dopant concentration ... 

---