Liquid reference

Subroutine REFUG. This subroutine calculates the liquid reference fugacities. Three options are possible. First, an equation of the form... 

The constants in Equation (5) are not the same as those in Equation (4). Using this saturation pressure, the pure-liquid reference fugacity at zero pressure is then calculated from the equation... 

Third and Fourth cards FORMAT(3E20.14), constants for zero-pressure reference fugacity equation, vapor pressure equation, or hypothetical-liquid reference fugacity equation of the form... 

IVAP - EXECUTION CODE FOR FORM OR VAPQR-phASF CORRFCTION AND LIQUID REFERENCE FUGACITY... 

PURE calculates pure liquid standard-state fugacities at zero pressure, pure-component saturated liquid molar volume (cm /mole), and pure-component liquid standard-state fugacities at system pressure. Pure-component hypothetical liquid reference fugacities are calculated for noncondensable components. Liquid molar volumes for noncondensable components are taken as zero. 

See also cryogenic liquids (reference 10), liquefied petroleum gases... 

Fig. 41. 2 Ionic liquids referred to in the text, and their abbreviations.

The frictional pressure gradient for this wholly liquid reference flow is given by... 

If the only liquid reference flow had been used the frictional term in equation 7.81 would be 2fL(l — w)2G2VL2Lldi. 

Obviously, it is better to use the smaller multiplier. The curves for each combination of flow regimes cross at X = 1, as they must from the definition of X, so the only gas reference is preferable for X < 1 and the only liquid reference for X>1. The reader is reminded that this correlation should be used only when the frictional component of the pressure gradient is dominant. 

When a change of phase occurs, as in boiling, it is necessary to use the wholly liquid reference flow (an only liquid basis would change as the liquid flow rate decreases during boiling). At low pressures, the results of the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation can be used for the frictional component of the pressure gradient but it is necessary to convert the only liquid basis used in the earlier correlation to the wholly liquid basis. It is assumed that the frictional pressure gradients for the two reference flows are related by the expression... 

HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) is an instrumental chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. Refer to Figure 13.1 and the accompanying discussion for details of the HPLC system. 

The standard state (and thus any standard thermodynamic property) of a pure solid refers to the pure substance in the solid phase under the pressure p of 1 bar (0.1 MPa). The standard state of a pure liquid refers to the pure substance in the liquid phase at p = 1 bar. When the substance is a pure gas, its standard state is that of an ideal gas at p = 1 bar (or, which is equivalent, that of a real gas at P = o). 

Arnett and Moe studied the protodelithiation of organolithiums with isopropyl alcohol in hexane/ether mixtures. These authors found protodelithiation enthalpies for n- and iec-butyl lithium of —209.2 4.2 and —220.9 2.9, respectively. The difference between their enthalpies of reaction, and so of the enthalpies of formation of the two organolithiums, is 11.7 5.1 kJmor, about half the difference between these species as found in Table 1. The protodelithiation enthalpy of terf-butyl lithium is —237.7 7.5 kJmoP. From equation 10 with n-butyl lithium as the benchmark species, and the butane hydrocarbons in their liquid reference states, the derived enthalpy of formation of ferf-butyl lithium is —87.5 kJmoP, in good agreement with that found before by Hohn . 

Temperature programmed reaction (TPR) experiments were carried out by adsorbing allyl alcohol and allyl iodide on a 9.0 wt% Mo03/Si02 sample and monitoring the evolved products by mass spectrometry. The Raman spectra of the pure liquid reference compounds are shown in Fig. 2. They agree well with those reported earlier (18-20). 

Figure 2. Laser Raman spectra of pure liquid reference compounds.

See also CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS (reference 10), LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES... 

The problems concerning reaction equilibrium and kinetics description based on chemical potentials rather than on concentrations are extensively discussed in Refs. 54 and 55, using the zinc system. The latter is recommended as a reactive liquid-liquid reference extraction test system by the European Federation of... 

Light-Duty Liquids. Light-duty liquids refer to the liquid products sold today primarily for the end application of dishwashing. They can also be used for the washing... 

The boiling point or condensation point of a liquid refers to the temperature when its vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure. If a beaker of liquid is brought to a boil in your laboratory, bubbles of vapor form throughout the liquid. These bubbles rise rapidly to... 

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