State discovery

Generic Name Brand Name Year Approved in United States Discovery Assisted by Activity... 

United States discoveries of, 78 597 Crude petroleum, 24 255 Crude preheat trains, 73 221-223 design methodology for, 73 223-224 Crudes... 

Harold Urey United States discovery of heavy hydrogen... 

Robert Kurl United States discovery of fiillerenes... 

AlanJ. Heeger United States discovery of conductive polymers... 

Peter Agre United States discovery of water channels ... 

Carroll AR, Stephens NP, Hendrix MS, Glenn CR (1998) Eolian-derived siltstone in the Upper Permian Phosphoria Formation implications for marine upwelling. Geol 26 1023-1026 Cathcart JB (1991) Phosphate deposits of the United States—discovery, development, economic geology and outlook for the future. In The Geology of North America. Gluskoter HJ, Rice DD, Taylor RB (eds) Geol Soc Am, Boulder, Colorado, P-2 153-164... 

There were also contemporary technological developments and perhaps the most important of these was of the transistor. This United States discovery meant that it was no longer necessary to use valves (tubes) in anything like the... 

FIGURE 3 Trim-state discovery for an F-16 with a 10-degree aileronjam. Source Yi and Atkins, 2010. 

Yi, G., and E. Atkins. 2010. Trim State Discovery for an Adaptive Flight Planner. Presented at the Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA, Orlando, FI., January 2010. 

Plenary 7 7. P M Champion et al, e-mail address champ neu.edu (TRRRS). Femtosecond impulsive preparation and timing of ground and excited state Raman coherences in heme proteins. Discovery of coherence transfer along a de-ligation coordinate. See above for fiirther connnent. 

In 1957 workers in the United States, Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of element 102 with a 10-minute half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Gm with 13G nuclei. On the basis of this experiment, the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Gommission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Ghemistry. 

Breslow immediately grasped the significance of his observation. He interpreted this discovery in terms of a hydrophobic effect Since in the Diels-Alder reaction. .. the transition state. .. brings together two nonpolar groups, one might expect that in water this reaction could be accelerated by hydrophobic interactions ". ... 

The entire domain of "new-lead" discovery has expanded considerably. This development has affected what have traditionally been divergent approaches, namely QSAR and stmcture-based design, leading them to become integrated so as to provide a more powerful approach (135). Several recently pubHshed comprehensive volumes capture the state of the art and can be consulted to determine precedents relevant to any particular study (134-137). 

Fluorine was first produced commercially ca 50 years after its discovery. In the intervening period, fluorine chemistry was restricted to the development of various types of electrolytic cells on a laboratory scale. In World War 11, the demand for uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] UF, in the United States and United Kingdom, and chlorine trifluoride [7790-91 -2J, CIF, in Germany, led to the development of commercial fluorine-generating cells. The main use of fluorine in the 1990s is in the production of UF for the nuclear power industry (see Nuclearreactors). However, its use in the preparation of some specialty products and in the surface treatment of polymers is growing. 

Sulfur hexafluoride was first prepared in 1902 (1). The discovery in 1937 that its dielectric strength is much higher than that of air (2) led to its use as an insulating material for cables, capacitors (3), and transformers (4) (see Insulation,electric). Sulfur hexafluoride has been commercially available as AccuDri, SF (AUiedSignal Inc.) since 1948. It is also produced by Air Products and Chemicals in the United States and by others in Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia. 

The decrease in petroleum and natural gas reserves has encouraged interest in and discovery and development of unconventional sources of these hydrocarbons. Principal alternatives to conventional petroleum reserves include oil shale (qv) and tar sands (qv). Oil shale reserves in the United States are estimated at 20,000 EJ (19.4 x 10 Btu) and estimates of tar sands and oil sands reserves are on the order of 11 EJ (10 x 10 Btu) (see Tarsands Shale oil). Of particular interest are the McKittrick, EeUows, and Taft quadrangles of Cahfomia, the Asphalt Ridge area of Utah, the Asphalt, Kentucky area, and related geographic regions. 

Many kilns that formerly were direct coal-fired or producer-gas verticals were retrofitted to natural gas firing with center-burners and after World War II, dramatically improving lime quaUty, kiln capacity, and fuel efficiency. By the 1960s, this improved vertical kiln had lost favor to rotary and other special kilns because of the supply and cost problems of oil and gas in the United States and the spectacular improvement in rotary kiln performance. Many natural gas-fired center burners were permanently closed and dismanded because they could not be converted to coal. However, the reverse occurred in Europe where the extensive oil and gas discoveries heightened interest in the new, advanced vertical kilns. 

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