State augmentation

GSD microscopy has been shown to image immunolabeled protein clusters on the plasma membrane of hxed cells with Ar = 50-90 nm resolution using a CW laser power of a few kilowatt per square centimeter [105]. However, plain GSD microscopy is currently challenged by the fact that the repeated population of the triplet state or similar dark states augments photobleaching [105]. Nonetheless, this early concept was important for the development of far-held optical nanoscopy for a number of reasons. First, it highlighted... 

The nonlinear reference controller provides zero offset on setpoint change, even without explicit integral action. Unfortunately, the same is not true for disturbance rejection. Integral action may be incorporated into the controller in order to provide disturbance rejection capabilities. The addition of integral action to the controller is achieved by state augmentation. The integral action is adjoined to the proportional reference controller input u in the following manner ... 

S]dstedt E, Nordstrom L and Singh D J 2000 An aiternative way of iinearizing the augmented piane-wave method Solid State Commun. 114 15... 

Although it was originally developed for locating transition states, the EF algoritlnn is also efficient for minimization and usually perfonns as well as or better than the standard quasi-Newton algorithm. In this case, a single shift parameter is used, and the method is essentially identical to the augmented Hessian method. 

Fig. 9.30 Two-port state-space augmented plant and controller. Hence the augmented plant matrix P(.v) in Figure 9.30 is...

Polycarbonate (PC) serves as a convenient example for both, the direct determination of the distribution of correlation times and the close connection of localized motions and mechanical properties. This material shows a pronounced P-relaxation in the glassy state, but the nature of the corresponding motional mechanism was not clear 76 80> before the advent of advanced NMR techniques. Meanwhile it has been shown both from 2H NMR 17) and later from 13C NMRSI) that only the phenyl groups exhibit major mobility, consisting in 180° flips augmented by substantial small angle fluctuations about the same axis, reaching an rms amplitude of 35° at 380 K, for details see Ref. 17). 

Symbols are used to represent aspects of electronic stracture in atoms, and the symbolism is augmented as a student progresses through different levels of study e.g. those used to represent electron shells (K, L, M...) for orbital types (to s, p, d, f, sp, etc. in atoms a, tt, 8, etc. in molecules) for description of electronic states ( Pi, So, A2g, Tig, Cgt g, T2g). Introducing the added complexity of the time dimension, electronic transitions can be represented as shifts between shells, orbitals or states. 

Model equations can be augmented with expressions accounting for covariates such as subject age, sex, weight, disease state, therapy history, and lifestyle (smoker or nonsmoker, IV drug user or not, therapy compliance, and others). If sufficient data exist, the parameters of these augmented models (or a distribution of the parameters consistent with the data) may be determined. Multiple simulations for prospective experiments or trials, with different parameter values generated from the distributions, can then be used to predict a range of outcomes and the related likelihood of each outcome. Such dose-exposure, exposure-response, or dose-response models can be classified as steady state, stochastic, of low to moderate complexity, predictive, and quantitative. A case study is described in Section 22.6. 

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