Starch agricultural production

One of the factors that has allowed the rapid post-WW2 expansion of the com starch processing indnstry has been rising agricultural productivity resulting in a steady increase in per capita cereal prodnction, despite the rising world population (Figure 4.5). By the year 2000, starch production estimates are for about 900x10 ton/a, about 75% from com, and with a (1990) value of 80 /ton Also over the... 

Starch is the other carbohydrate-based feedstock. Approximately 10 Mt is produced annually from corn (maize), wheat and potato, out of a total agricultural production of 1.6 Gt a-1 carbohydrate equivalents. A minor fraction of starch is amylose, a linear a 1 ->4 polymer of glucose (Fig. 8.2b). The native structure of amylose is helical loose random coils are formed upon dissolution in water. The branched glucose polymer amylopectin is the major (approximately 75%) component of starch. 

The efficiency of the carbon source conversion into pigments and the optimization of the growth medium with respect to its availability and price have been the subject of intensive studies. Niunerous sources, including pentoses and hexoses, various disaccharides, glycerol, ethanol, methanol, oils, -alkanes, or a wide variety of wastes derived from agricultural production (e.g., molasses, bananas, starch wastes. 

Lactic acid can be industrially produced from a number of starch- or sugar-containing agricultural products. Competition between human food, industrial lactic acid and PLA production is not to be expected for example, using PLA... 

Starch-based products are also being developed for heavy metals removal [19]. Starch, a natural polymer derived from agricultural crops, is both abundant and relatively inexpensive. Once converted to an insoluble starch xan-thate (ISX) it can very effectively scavenge uncomplexed metals from a waste water. In a bench test ISX was dosed at 0.64 g dmT to a solution containing ca. lOOmgdmT of Pb at pH 3.7. After stirring for 5 to 60 min the filterable lead concentration was down to 0.035 mg dmT, with the pH having risen to 8.9. 

Near-IR reflectance spectroscopy has become a most important tool for the routine quantitative determination of constituents in finely ground solids. The most widespread use of this technique has been for the determination of protein, moisture, starch, oil, lipids, and cellulose in agricultural products such as grains and oilseeds. For example, Canada sells all its wheat based on guaranteed protein content, and the Canadian Grain Commission formerly ran more than 600,000 Kjeldahl protein determinations annually as a consequence. ft was estimated in 1984 that 80% to 90% of all Canadian grain was analyzed for protein by NIR reflectance spectroscopy at a savings of more than 500,000 a year in analytical costs. ... 

Salleh E, Muhamad II, Kharniddin N (2007) Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by antimicrobial starch-based film incorporated with lauric acid and chitosan. In Proceedings of the 3rd CIGR section VI international symposium on food and agricultural products processing and innovation. Naples, Italy... 

The first step involves treating the carbohydrate in the starch or biomass with an acid mixture. Agricultural products like com and agricultural waste such as rice hulls can be the primary carbohydrate... 

As com starch is a native agricultural product, inexpensive (about 10 cents lb ) and available annually in multimillion ton quantities it could be considered a replacement for petroleum-based plastics as starch-graft copolymers, starch-plastic composites, and starch itself. [52]. 

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