Standard shades

Shade This may be checked visually with the help of a standard shade card. 

The printing inks industry uses P.B.15 3 especially as a blue component on different color scales for three and four color printing. The pigment corresponds to the CIE12-66 standard shade of cyan on the European Color Scale for offset and letterpress prints (Sec. 1.8.1.1). 

Resinated types are supplied for use in so-called oily binder systems for offset printing inks. However, these are much fewer in number than corresponding P.R.57 1 types which are used to produce the standard shade of ruby, or azo yellow pigments, which are used for standard yellow. 

In milk approximately 90% of the yellow color is because of the presence of -carotene, a fat-soluble carotenoid extracted from feed by cows. Summer milk is more yellow than winter milk because cows grazing on lush green pastures in the spring and summer months consume much higher levels of carotenoids than do cows ham-fed on hay and grain in the fall and winter. Various breeds of cows and even individual animals differ in the efficiency with which they extract -carotene from feed and in the degree to which they convert it into colorless vitamin A. The differences in the color of milk are more obvious in products made from milk fat, since here the yellow color is concentrated. Thus, unless standardized through the addition of colorant, products like butter and cheese show a wide variation in shade and in many cases appear unsatisfactory to the consumer. 

Reflectance Spectrophotometry. Because of discrepancies that can occur between strength and shade evaluations in solution and on textile substrates, the latter is often the preferred evaluation technique. In the case of dye manufacture, many dyes are standardized in solution but there is always a final control step where dyeings are prepared. Historically, such dyeings have been evaluated visually for the relative strength and the shade of the dye under test on the substrate, compared to the standard. More and more attempts are being made to do such evaluations objectively. Guidelines for the use of this technique have been pubflshed (43). 

Figure A 1.52 shows the Ti-Al phase diagram (important for the standard commercial alloy Ti-6% Al-4% V. It shows two peritectic reactions, at each of which liquid reacts with a solid phase to give an intermetallic compound, (a) Ring the peritectics and give the (approximate) chemical formula for the two compounds, (b) Shade all... 

Procedures are required for the control and maintenance of inspection, measuring, and test equipment and to cover test software, not only for calibration. This section of the standard is often referred to as the calibration requirement but it goes far beyond mere calibration. In assessing compliance with section 4.11, there are at least 30 requirements to check (see the questionnaire at the end of this chapter) and calibration is only one of them. Figure 11.2 shows the processes needed to control, calibrate, and maintain inspection, measuring, and test equipment. The shaded boxes indicate interfaces with other processes. 

This same data is plotted in the chart on the following page. The mean absolute deviation and standard deviation are plotted as points with error bars, and the shaded blocks plot the largest positive and negative-magnitude errors. 

When placed at a distance from the observer s eye the crosshatch lines merge and appear as a uniform shade of gray. There is a standard size for this chart (BS 2742C 1957), and this has the five shades from 0 to 4. The chart is usually viewed from a distance of 15 meters and hence has to be mounted on a tripod, which should not shadow the card. The chart should be set up in such a position that the smoke being measured has the same sky background as the chart. It should not be placed so that the sun is either directly behind the chart or directly in front of it. Comparisons can then be made between the shade of the smoke and that on the card. 

Figure 5.5. Summarized 6 C data Tor browsers and grazers, expressed as dark shaded and cross-hatched boxes, respectively, incorporating means and standard deviations, from the three groups of sites plotted against time (a) Die Kelders and Swartkrans, (b) Klasies and Makapansgat, and (c) Border Cave. Typical matrix values are shown as light shaded rectangles.

The order of elution of the 24 different standard RG oligomers is shown in table I. The Rha residues are indicated by and the GalA residues by O, whereas the us-GalA units, which are introduced by RG-lyase action, are indicated by . The symbols are explained below the table, and will be used throughout the paper, although the shades of the symbols are different in the figures. 

Fig. 2a-d. Multiple alignment of primary structures from 36 PHA synthases. A comparison of amino acid sequences derived from PH A synthase genes is shown. Amino acids are specified by the standard one-letter abbreviations. The consensus sequence represents amino acid residues (shaded) which are present in at least 50% of the PHA synthases. Highly conserved amino acids, which are present in at least 70% of the PHA synthases, are additionally underlined in the consensus sequence and the eight amino acid residues, which are present in all PHA synthases, are indicated as bold letters. See Table 1 for references... 

Fig. 2.1 Logical framework for organic production systems (redrawn with permission from Leifert et al., 2007). Shaded area represents agronomic practices prescribed or recommended under organic and other low input farming standards.

Fig. 1. Deposition of inhaled particles of different sizes (mass median aerodynamic diameters) in the three regions of the respiratory tract. Each shaded area indicates the variability of deposition when the aerosol distribution parameter, o, (geometric standard deviation) was varied from 1.2 to 4.5. The assumed tidal volume was 1450 cm3. (Reproduced from Health Physics, vol. 12, pp. 173-207,1966 by permission of the Health Physics Society).

---