Stand-alone process

Processes and/or unit operations that fall under this classification include adsorption, ion exchange, stripping, chemical oxidation, and membrane separations. All of these are more expensive than biological treatment but are used for removal of pollutants that are not easily removed by biomass. Often these are utilized in series with biologic treatment but sometimes they are used as stand-alone processes. 

ATR is a stand-alone process which combines POX and SR in a single reactor. The ATR process was first developed in the late 1950s by Topsoe, mainly for industrial synthesis gas production in ammonia and methanol plants [27]. 

Fully operational mobile, stand-alone processing plants... 

Concerns about groundwater contamination and municipal water supply quality have driven much of the growth of various water treatment schemes involving nanofiltration as a stand-alone process or in combination with RO and/or UF in a broad range of water treatment systems delivering precise purity levels and attractive process economics. Other established applications include corn syrup concentration, recycling of water-soluble polymers, effluent treatment for the food and beverage industry, metal... 

Several different peroxygen-based systems exist, all of which are compatible with biological treatment. The peroxygen treatment can be used up- or downstream of the biotreatment unit, either as a pre-treatment to reduce toxicity and improve biodegradability or as a post/polishing treatment to remove remaining biorecalcitrant species from the effluent. All the peroxygen-based treatments can also be used as stand-alone processes for the total treatment of a waste stream. The most common AOPs are ... 

The stand alone process allows the direct production of high purity paraxylene. It works similarly to the process described in section 10.3.2.3. Generally two adsorbent towers of 12 beds each are required to achieve high performance... 

Though MD has provoked intense research activity that has led to numerous publications and patents, it finds relatively fewer commercial applications as a stand-alone process, as compared with other membrane processes. 

This option was tested and did not work as a stand-alone process because the DMSO was too dilute in these impurities. The measured adsorption isotherms indicated that unrealistically large amounts of adsorbent would be required, even for marginal results. 

For these reasons, it was evaluated as more cost-effective to implement the process in a dedicated unit optimized for renewable feedstocks to overcome the problems listed above. Therefore, the Ecofining technology is a stand alone process carried out... 

Depending on the composition of the waste and its discharge or reuse requiranents, the following treatment processes can be applied, as stand-alone processes or as part of a treatment regimen ... 

Good. Part of technology package to dispose of stockpile chemical munitions that can be a stand-alone process for nonstockpile CWM can process either neat agent or neutralent. 

Extractive desulfurization (EDS) probably will be economically attractive as a stand-alone process in some refinery applications. However, it seems likely that many refineries also will look to employ a synergistic combination... 

In addition to its potential as stand-alone processes for ULSD production, the EDS processes, therefore, may find application as ancillary process units for the debottlenecking of HDS units by ... 

It should be noted that SwS is not the same as software reliability or SQA, and it cannot be achieved solely through these processes. The SwS methodology involves an independent stand-alone process that must be integrated with the software development process. The SwS process should be established at the start of a project and be documented in the SwSPP. The SwS program implements the SwSPP and carries out the SwS process. 

The third component of agility is viewing the network as a system of business processes. Nesting the capabilities of these processes creates power and synergy for the network. Stand alone processes that do not support material flow create penalties in terms of time, cost and quality for the whole network. As we said on page 12, all processes within the network need to be understood in terms of how they interact with other processes. ... 

Estimating the MTC for the bank water exchange process. Details concerning the theory were presented above in Sections 11.3.2 and 11.3.3. The chemical flux concept in equation form, such as Equation 11.2, requires that advection be connected to other on-going in-bed transport processes such as diffusion. Advection in a chemodynamic context cannot be considered a stand-alone process. The molecular diffusion transport process is used in Equation 11.5 however, it can be generalized to accommodate any diffusive-type process and the appropriate MTC. As such the appropriate sediment-side MTC is... 

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