Stage mass flow

Mid Stage pressure nozzle discharge velocity stage mass flow... 

Estimate the stagnation values of pressure and specific volume at the inlet to the current stage using the methods outlined in Chapter 14, and hence determine the next stage mass flow and nozzle outlet velocity. 

The design of countercurrent contactors is considerably simplified when the solvents A and B are not significantly miscible. The mass flows of A and B then remain constant from one stage to the next, and the material balance at any stage can be written... 

There are many sources of errors in the plant. The principal ones are related to sampling (qv), mass flow rates, assaying, and deviations from steady state. Collecting representative samples at every stage of the flow sheet constitutes a significant task. Numerous methods and equipment are available (10,16,17). 

The need to keep a concave temperature profile for a tubular reactor can be derived from the former multi-stage adiabatic reactor example. For this, the total catalyst volume is divided into more and more stages, keeping the flow cross-section and mass flow rate unchanged. It is not too difficult to realize that at multiple small stages and with similar small intercoolers this should become something like a cooled tubular reactor. Mathematically the requirement for a multi-stage reactor can be manipulated to a different form ... 

The gas turbine eontrol loop eontrols the Inlet Guide Vanes (IGV) and the Gas Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT). The TIT is defined as the temperature at the inlet of the first stage turbine nozzle. Presently, in 99% of the units, the inlet temperature is eontrolled by an algorithm, whieh relates the turbine exhaust temperature, or the turbine temperature after the gasifier turbine, the eompressor pressure ratio, the eompressor exit temperature, and the air mass flow to the turbine inlet temperature. New teehnologies are being developed to measure the TIT direetly by the use of pyrometers and other speeialized probes, whieh eould last in these harsh environments. The TIT is eontrolled by the fuel flow and the IGV, whieh eontrols the total air mass... 

For the IFB plant the main advantage lies in the reduction of the inlet temperature, mainly by saturating the air with a very fine spray of water droplets [13]. This, in itself, results in an increased power output, but it is evident that the water may continue to evaporate within the compressor, resulting in a lowering of the compressor delivery temperature. A remarkable result observed by Utamura is an increase of some 8% in power output for only a small water mass flow (about 1% of air mass flow). However, the compressor performance may be adversely affected as the stages become mismatched [14], even for the small water quantities injected. 

The Mollier diagrams for compound and cascade systems (Figures 2.9 and 2.10) indicate the enthalpy change per kilogram of circulated refrigerant, hut it should he home in mind that the mass flows are different for the low and high stages. 

PHASE VOLUMES IN EACH STAGE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATES INLET CONCENTRATIONS EQUIL AND MASS TRANSFER... 

Xi=Extraction phase concentration at stage i Yi=Concentration in solvent at stage i Qi=Mass flow from extraction phase to solvent... 

Rotation speed (rpm) Pressure Ratio Mass Flow (kg/s) Inlet Temperature (°C) Inlet Pressure (MPa) Rim Speed (m/s) Number of Stages Inlet Temperature Inlet Pressure (MPa) Mean Speed (m/s) Number of Stages... 

The objectives of this project are consistent with the objectives (1) and (4) above. The general objective of this project has been to verify a new measurement method to analyse the thermochemical conversion of biofuels in the context of PBC, which is based on the three-step model mentioned above. The sought quantities of the method are the mass flow and stoichiometry of conversion gas, as well as air factors of conversion and combustion system. One of the specific aims of this project is to find a physical explanation why it is more difficult to obtain acceptable emissions from combustion of fuel wood than from for example wood pellets for the same conditions in a given PBC system. This project includes the following stages ... 

A Braysson cycle (Fig. 4.32) uses air as the working fluid with 1 kg/sec mass flow rate through the cycle. In the Brayton cycle, air enters from the atmospheric source to a compressor at 20° C and 1 bar (state 1) and leaves at 8 bars (state 2) air enters an isobaric heater (combustion chamber) and leaves at 1100°C (state 3) air enters a high-pressure isentropic turbine and leaves at 1 bar (state 4). In the Ericsson cycle, air enters a low-pressure isentropic turbine and leaves at 0.04 bar (state 5) air enters a first-stage compressor and leaves at 0.2 bar (state 6) air enters an isobaric intercooler and leaves at 20°C (state 7) air enters a second-stage compressor and leaves at 1 bar (state 8) and air is discharged to the atmospheric sink. Assume all compressors have 85% efficiency. 

A. Flow Control without Feedback. Plow can be controlled by means of a needle valve if the pressure drop across the valve is constant. The pressure on the upstream side often can be held constant with a single- or two-stage mechanical diaphragm regulator (Section 10.1. B). If the stream of gas does not experience a variable constriction after the needle valve, the above combination provides a simple and convenient means of providing a steady flow. Often an arrangement such as this is used in conjunction with a rotameter or electronic mass flow meter (Fig. 7.14). 

Three pressure stages are relevant to design the capillary lengths and diameters as shown in Fig. 15 The pressure regimes for stable operation were evaluated by measurements using pressure sensors and mass flow controllers. They are summarized in Table 1 ... 

---