Stack Controller

Crespo-Hernandez CE, Cohen B, Kohler B (2005) Base stacking controls excited-state dynamics in A-T DNA. Nature 436 1141-1144... 

Fuel-cell stack Control of gas production Traction motor... 

In the literature, there has been no report about production of functionally graded SiAION ceramics by tape casting. The main advantage of this method with respect to others is that continuous change in composition, microstructure and mechanical properties can be obtained by stacking controlled layer thicknesses of different tape compositions. 

Control by dilution encompasses the subjects of both atmospheric dispersion and stack design. Stacks are expensive items of construction, and there is need for a sound basis for determining stack heights and diameters. The motion in the atmosphere primarily dictates the movement and subsequent dilution of the pollutant after discharge from a stack. The stack control system must provide ground-level concentrations that will be acceptable and not seriously affect receptors (humans, livestock, vegetation, materials of construction, etc.). 

Type stack < -data.frame(cbind (stack.x,stack, loss) ) (note stack.x and stack.loss are S-Plus built-in data sets) The following is a single command names (stack) < -c( AirFlow , waterTemp , AcidConc , Loss ) System responds with Call gam(formula = Loss s(AirFlow) + s(waterTemp) + s(AcidConc), data = stack, control = gam.control(bf.maxit = 50)) Degrees of Freedom 21 total 8.00097 Residual Residual Deviance 67.79171 ... 

Call gam(formula = Loss s(AirFlow) + s(waterTemp) +s(AcidConc), data = stack, control = gam.control(bf.maxit = 50)) Deviance Residuals ... 

Patitjean, A. Nierengarten, H. Dorsselaer, A. v. Lehn, J.-M., Selforganization of oligomeric helical stacks controlled by substrate binding in a tobacco mosaic vims like self-assembly process . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004,43, 3695-3699. 

Extended defects range from well characterized dislocations to grain boundaries, interfaces, stacking faults, etch pits, D-defects, misfit dislocations (common in epitaxial growth), blisters induced by H or He implantation etc. Microscopic studies of such defects are very difficult, and crystal growers use years of experience and trial-and-error teclmiques to avoid or control them. Some extended defects can change in unpredictable ways upon heat treatments. Others become gettering centres for transition metals, a phenomenon which can be desirable or not, but is always difficult to control. Extended defects are sometimes cleverly used. For example, the smart-cut process relies on the controlled implantation of H followed by heat treatments to create blisters. This allows a thin layer of clean material to be lifted from a bulk wafer [261. 

Fig. 6. Multiple threads in NAMD 2 allow the integration algorithm to be expressed sequentially as a single function. This function, shown illegibly at left, runs in sequencer threads associated with home patches. A similar function running in a controller thread on the master node communicates with the sequencers to deal with output and global calculations. Compute objects execute in the larger stack space of each node s main thread.

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

Take-Up. Take-up devices attenuate the spinline to the desired linear density and collect the spun yam in a form suitable for further processing. A godet wheel is typically used to control the take-up velocity which varies from 1—2 m/s for heavy monofilaments to 10—33 m/s for fine yams. The yam can be stacked in cans, taken up on bobbins, or directiy transferred to drawing and texturizing equipment. 

For current consoHdation, the basic circuits, used at each of the multiple power take-off points, are stacked into a Christmas tree topology to form a single power take-off terminal pair. Scale-up of these devices to commercial sizes is not expected to be a problem, as standard electrical components are available for all sizes considered. A different type of consoHdation scheme developed (117), uses dc to ac converters to connect the individual electrodes to the consoHdation point. The current from each electrode can be individually controUed by the converter, which can either absorb energy from or deHver energy to the path between the electrode and the consoHdation point. This scheme offers the potential capabiHty of controlling the current level of each electrode pair. 

The fourth fully developed membrane process is electrodialysis, in which charged membranes are used to separate ions from aqueous solutions under the driving force of an electrical potential difference. The process utilizes an electrodialysis stack, built on the plate-and-frame principle, containing several hundred individual cells formed by a pair of anion- and cation-exchange membranes. The principal current appHcation of electrodialysis is the desalting of brackish groundwater. However, industrial use of the process in the food industry, for example to deionize cheese whey, is growing, as is its use in poUution-control appHcations. 

Spray appHcations to the surface of the sheet have been useful, especially for appHcation of creping aids and release agents in towel and tissue miUs. The spray appHcation of functional chemicals has not been used widely. Generally, the uniformity of appHcation is mote difficult to control when functional chemicals are sprayed than when they are appHed by a size press. Eunctional chemicals also can be appHed to heavier grades of paper or paperboard at the calender stack. 

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