Stable fly

Secondary Hazards Aerosols (cough, sneeze, contaminated dust) Contact Body fluids Fecal matter Fomites Vectors (mechanical—stable fly). 

Ivie, G.W. and J.E. Wright. 1978. Fate of diflubenzuron in the stable fly and house fly. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 26 90-94. 

In addition to plaguing humans directly, flies spread pathogens that infect a significant number of plants and animals. Veterinary medicine must deal with horse flies and black flies, as well as pests with such curious names as warble flies and bot flies. There are ubiquitous stable flies that look like everyday house flies but deliver a painful bite, and a multitude of less familiar species that prey on sheep, rodents, and rabbits. Flies that are crop pests typically feed on their plant hosts as larvae. Seedcorn maggots, for... 

Diflubenzuron (Dimilin , TH-6040) is an IGR which inhibits the normal deposition of chitin. The metabolic fate of diflubenzuron has been studied in sheep U, 2), cattle (1 ), rats (1, 3), house flies (4, 5), stable flies (5), chickens (6), swine (6), boll weevils (7), plants (8 9), and soil (2, 8, 10). Since good reviews of diflubenzuron metabolism have been given by Ivie (11) and Verloop and Ferrell (9), we will present only a tabular summary of the degradation of diflubenzuron in nonaguatic systems for comparative purposes (Table I). The remaining discussion will focus on diflubenzuron degradation in the aquatic environment. 

Uebel E. C., Sonnet P. E., Bierl B. A. and Miller R. W. (1975a) Sex pheromone of the stable fly isolation and preliminary identification of compunds that induce mating strike behavior. J. Chem. Ecol. 1, 377-385. 

A large series of cuticular hydrocarbons extracted from the female stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is reported to function as a sex pheromone (47). (Z)-9-Hentriacontene, (Q-9-tritriacontene, and methyl-branched hentria- and tritriacontenes possessed activity as sexual releasers. In addition, mono- and dimethyl-substituted hentria- and tritriacontanes were also demonstrated to induce mating-strike behavior in male flies. However, these compounds may actually function as psychedelics, as does (Z)-9-tricosene for the housefly (45). 

Table IV. Mortality of the larvae of Horn fly, Face fly, Stable fly and House fly placed in manure from two steers (ca. 200 kg) treated with oral capsules containing MK 933 "Reproduced with permission Ref. 15 Copyright 1981. J. Econ. Entomol., Entomological Society of America. "...

Species differences in the rate of penetration of insecticides is shown in Figure 6.2. It is seen that cuticular penetration in the housefly and stable fly cuticle by carbaryl in the first 4 h is seven times that of the rice weevil and five times that of the boll weevil. This could affect the efficacy of this insecticide in these insects. 

Two recent studies have shown that proctolin has a potent stimulating effect on the visceral muscles of the oviduct in Rhodnius prolixus (33,34) and in the stable fly Stomoxvs calcitrans (35). In both of these insects, reverse-phase HPLC and quantitative bioassay were used to demonstrate the presence of a proctolin-like substance in extracts of the reproductive tissues. Immunohistochemical preparations revealed intense proctolin-like immunoreactivity in terminal arborisations of nerves on the spermathecae, common oviduct and bursa of Rhodnius. The muscles of the ovarian sheath in stably fly responded to proctolin, and 0.5 to... 

Turell, M.J., Knudson, G.B. (1987). Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus). Infect. Immun. 55 1859-61. 

This is a review of synthetic efforts made at these laboratories in recent years. Stereoisomers of sex pheromones of various insect species were synthesized in order to facilitate identification and permit more thorough evaluation of their potential in insect control programs. Syntheses are described for pheromones of the stable fly, tsetse fly, southern and western corn rootworms, and the Mediterranean fruit fly attractant, trimed-lure. In each instance centers of asymmetry were generated that made use of diastereomer formation using readily available (R)- and (S)-a-methyl-benzylamine. Resolutions were achieved either by preparative HPLC, or fractional crystallization of amides. The latter technique was rendered synthetically useful for the preparation of configurationally pure acids by virtue of transformations wrought upon the amides that made them subject to cleavage under very mild conditions. 

Methyl Branched Alkanes (Stable Fly, Tsetse Fly-Type Hydrocarbons)... 

Rapidly increasing mortality of unfed adult stable flies (Stomoxyus calcitrans)... 

Wang, Y.-H. E. Gill, G. D. (1970). Effect of temperature and relative humidity on mortality of adult stable flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 63, 1666-1668. 

Dose-response curves for the stable fly As a real-life example, we can use an experiment done by myself as part of my master s thesis in 1962 (Stenersen and Somme, 1963). The stable fly (.Stomoxys calcitrans) is an important insect pest in husbandry. In the Nordic countries it is an indoor pest, present as many small, partially isolated populations. From 1950 to 1965 it was controlled with DDT, but resistance soon became a problem. A strain (R) of stable fly resistant to the DDT and related insecticides such as DDD and methoxychlor was compared with a sensitive (S) strain. Males from the R strain were then crossed with females from the S strain and the offspring (FI of S x R) were tested. They were as sensitive as the S strain. The FI flies were allowed to interbreed and the... 

Characteristically, DDT resistance in flies does not extend to prolan however, strains that are resistant due to receptor-site modification are also resistant to prolan and pyrethroids. This was observed early in houseflies and stable flies (Busvine, 1953 Stenersen, 1966). The DDT resistance in stable flies did not depend on metabolism (Stenersen, 1965). 

Stenersen, J.H. 1965. DDT-metabolism in resistant and susceptible stable-flies and in bacteria. Nature, 207, 660-661. 

Stenersen, J. 1966. Cross-resistance to Dilan and DDT plus Wart antiresistant in DDT-resistant stable flies. Norsk Entomol. Tidsskrift., 12,11-16. 

Jorgen H.V. Stenersen, Dr. Philos., is a professor in ecotoxicology at the Biological Institute, University of Oslo. He graduated as Cand. Real, in biochemistry in 1964 (University of Oslo) and subsequently worked at the Norwegian Plant Protection Institute on research related to possible side effects of pesticides. His first interests were the mechanisms behind insect resistance to insecticides, with emphasis on DDT resistance in stable flies. He was also engaged in studies of the extent of DDT contamination of soil, fauna, and humans as a result of DDT usage in orchards. 

---