Stable carbon isotope ratios collagen

Lee-Thorp, J.A., Sealy, J.C. and van der Merwe, N.J. 1989 Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 16 585-599. 

Differences in stable carbon isotope ratios between the apatite and collagen... 

Lee-Thorp JA, Sealy JC, van der Merwe NJ (1989) Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. J Archaeol Sci 16 585-599 Lee-Thorp JA, van der Merwe NJ, Brain CK (1994) Diet of Australopithecus robustus at Swartkrans from stable carbon isotopic analysis. J Human Evol 27 361-372 Lindars ES, Grimes ST, Mattey DP, Collinson ME, Hooker JJ, Jones TP (2001) Phosphate 5 0 determination of modem rodent teeth by direct laser fluorination An appraisal of methodology and potential application to palaeoclimate reconstmction. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65 2535-2548 Linder HP (1986) The evolutionary history of the Poales/Restionales—A hypothesis. Kew Bull 42 297-318... 

Walker, PL. and DeNiro, M.J. 1986 Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen as indices of prebistoric dietary dependence on marine and terrestrial resources in Soutbem California. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 71 51-61. 

Stable carbon isotope analysis is particularly useful in New World dietary studies since maize is often the only C4 plant contributing significantly to human diets its contribution to bone collagen and to bone apatite may be estimated by interpolation. Some caution is warranted, however, if succulent plants were present, since they utilize the alternative CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthetic pathway which results in carbon isotope ratios similar to those of C4 plants. Nevertheless, CAM plants are unlikely to have been major sources of dietary protein, whether consumed directly or indirectly through herbivorous faunal intermediaries. 

Keegan, W.F. and DeNiro, M.J. 1988 Stable carbon- and nitrogen- isotope ratios of bone collagen used to study coral-reef and terrestrial components of prehistoric Bahamian diet. American Antiquity 53 320-336. 

Table 9.4. C N molar ratios (calculated and measured), total C and N content and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data from bacteria, their growth medium (nutrient broth), and from collagen (infected and non-infected marten bone). The bacteria for inoculation were raised on nutrient broth (nb), with/without additives.

Ambrose, S.H. DeNiro, M.J. (1989). Climate and habitat reconstruction using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen in prehistoric herbivore teeth from Kenya. Quaternary Research 31,407-422. 

DeNiro, M. and Schoeninger M.J. 1983. Stable carbon and nitrogren isotope ratios of bone collagen variations within individuals, between sexes, and within populations raised on monotonous diets. Journal of Archaeological Science 10 199-204. 

Figure 1 Typical carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of collagen extracted from various species. In this example the terrestrial animals consume only C3 plants (herbivores and omnivores) or animals that consume only C3 plants (carnivores and omnivores). The marine organisms are distinguished from the terrestrial organisms through the value, which is less depleted in The value indicates the trophic level of an organism in the food web.

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