Stability of soils

Eor pesticides to leach to groundwater, it may be necessary for preferential flow through macropores to dominate the sorption processes that control pesticide leaching to groundwater. Several studies have demonstrated that large continuous macropores exist in soil and provide pathways for rapid movement of water solutes. Increased permeabiUty, percolation, and solute transport can result from increased porosity, especially in no-tiUage systems where pore stmcture is stiU intact at the soil surface (70). Plant roots are important in creation and stabilization of soil macropores (71). 

Lambe, T. W. (1951). Stabilization of soils with calcium acrylate. Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, 38, 127-54. 

Soil carbohydrate Hydrolysis and various estimation techniques Indicates potential energy source abundance, various technique controls formation and stabilization of soil structure, dependent upon organic inputs Safarik and Santruckova (1992)... 

Glazovskaya, M. A. (1997). Methodological Approaches of an Assessment of Ecological-Geochemical Stability of Soils to Technogenic Impacts. Moscow University Publishing House, Moscow, 102 pp. 

The sketch in Fig. 10 shows the equilibrium of forces with an obtuse contact angle in the oil phase (6o). In this case the wetting tension, j, of the aqueous phase is positive, which means that the adhering oil droplet is pushed together by the aqueous phase. With the increase in j the tendency of an oil droplet to be cut off and removed from a solid substrate increases. Because of this, the impeding force for the removal of oil is the interfacial tension oil/water (Yq )> which should be minimized. By minimization of the interfacial tension, moreover, the requirements for emulsification and stabilization of soil in the washing and cleaning liquid will be improved. 

Hettiarachchi, G. M., Pierzynski, G. M. Ransom, M. D. 2000. In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide. Environmental Science Technology, 34, 4614-4619. 

Mikutta, R., Kleber, M.,Torn, M. S., and Jahn, R. (2006). Stabilization of soil organic matter association with minerals or chemical recalcitrance Biogeochem. 77, 25-56. 

DiCosty, R. J., Weliky, D. P, Anderson, S. J., and Paul, E. A. (2003). 15N-CPMAS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biological stability of soil organic nitrogen in whole soil and particle-size fraction. Org. Geochem. 34,1635-1650. 

Potential as a Tool for Thermal Analysis of NOM. TGA typically is employed to quantify both moisture content and thermal stability of soil and sediment organic matter samples (e.g.,Tan and Hajek, 1977 and Schnitzer, 1972), including identification of structural components (e.g., Schnitzer et al., 1964). Examination of thermal stability prior to evaluation in thermal analysis experiments enables... 

Farmer, VC. and Fraser, A.R. (1982) Chemical and colloid stability of soils in the Al2C>3-Fe2C>3-SiC>2-H2C> system their role in podzolization J. Soil Sci., 33, 737-742. 

Khan LI, Sarker M. Enzyme enhanced stabilization of soil and fly ash. Fly ash for Soil Improvement Proceedings of the 1993 ASCE Annual Convention, Dallas, Texas, 1992, 43-50. 

Tisdall, J. M. Oades, J. M. (1979). Stabilization of soil aggregates by the root systems of ryegrass. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 17, 429 1. 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, PL94-580 (1976) Supetfund Treatability Study Protocol Identification/Stabilization of Soils Containing Metals, Phase II Review Draft, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, and Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, 1990. 

Carson, C.D., Kittrick, J.A., Dixon, J.B., and McKee, T.R. Stability of soil smectite from a Houston black clay. Clays Clay Min. 151-155 (1976). 

Attempts to conduct kinetic experiments at varying temperatures are equally frustrating. Temperature effects are not limited to sorption kinetics, but the sorbent surfaces themselves can be affected by temperature. Cation exchange capacity, particularly of amorphous and organic surfaces (Wada and Harada, 1971) is temperature dependent, as is the stability of soil minerals (Mattigod and Kittrick, 1980). In turn, specific sorption will be affected by mineral stability due to associated surface changes. 

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