Squid phospholipid

A typical feature that tells the importance of the backbone of phospholipid molecule which DHA bounds is the prevention effect on apoplexy. A combination of phosphoryl base group with DHA must be crucial to exert antiapoplexy function as shown in Fig. 3.1. Among fish oil TG, egg yolk phospholipid, and squid phospholipid which is rich in sn-2... 

DHA-bounded phospholipids, the squid phospholipid is the only functionally available lipid chemical form in preventing apoplexy (Inoue, 2001). 

FIGURE 3.1 Survival of SHR rats (easily die by apoplexy) served with phospholipid form DHA (squid PC), fish oil, and egg yolk PC (Inoue, 2001). 

FIGURE 3.7 Effect of squid meal phospholipid liposome and chitosan samples on the tumor weight of myeloma sp2-bearing BALB/c mice. 20days after implantation of the cells, liposomes (l.Omg/mL), chitosan (5.0mg/mL), chitosan (5.0mg/mL)+liposomes (1.0 mg/mL) mixture, and chitosan-coated (5.0mg/mL) liposomes (l.Omg/mL) were administered for 35days. The results are the means SD (n—12). Asterisks indicate significant difference as compared to control and SPL ( p<0.001). 

Figure 23.8. Effect of squid meal phospholipid hposome and chitosan on tumor sizes of myeloma sp2 tumors bearing BALB/c mice.

Figure 23.10. Changes in body weight of the myeloma sp2 bearing BALB/c mice during the intake of squid meal phospholipid liposome and chitosan.

Condrea, E. and Rosenberg, P. (1968) Demonstration of phospholipid splitting as a factor responsible for increased permeability and block of axonal conduction induced by snake venom. II. Study on squid axons. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.), 150,271-284. 

Pyrroles are common products in the reaction of different lipid oxidation products with primary amino groups of amines, amino acid, and protein (Zamora et al., 2000). For example, when squid microsomes were oxidized with iron and ascorbate, TEARS increased simultaneously with the -value (yellowness) and pyrrole compounds, concomitantly with a decrease in free amines. Off-color formation in squid muscle could be due to the nonenzymatic browning reactions occurring between aldehydic lipid oxidation products and the amines on phospholipids head groups... 

High-performance health beneficial emulsifier (i.e., the DHA-bound lysophos-pholipid) can be prepared from squid meal phospholipid because squid meal phospholipid contains DHA exclusively in position sn-2 (Hosokawa 1996). For this reason, if we eliminate the fatty acid moiety in the sn-1 position by applying position 1,3-specific lipase, or phospholipase Aj, we can obtain the sn-2 DHA-bound lyso-phospholipid. As a substrate for the desired reaction, squid meal phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most useful so far. 

Phospholipids, as structural lipids, are rich in LC PUFA. Various organs of a species show similar FA compositions to each other (Watanabe et al., 1995). The FA profile of phospholipids can be used for identification (taxonomic) purposes (Grahl-Nielsen and Mjaavatten, 1995 Joensen and Grahl-Nielsen, 2001). However, the PUFA compositions of the total phospholipids of various species of fish and shellfish are not strikingly different (Ackman, 1994), but the differences that do occur involve the (n-3) PUFA, particularly DHA. The lipids of lean fish and shellfish have the most PUFA. Cephalopods (e.g., octopus, squid) contained the highest average proportion of DHA when compared to other taxonomic or dietary groups from Antarctic, temperate, and tropical zones (Dunstan et al., 1999). 

De Koning, A. J. 1993. Phospholipids of marine origin— the squid (Loligo vulgaris). Journal ofthe Science of Food and Agriculture, 61(1), 129-132. 

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