Sputtering hydrothermal synthesis

The separation layer, either porous or dense, can be formed using different methods such as sol-gel and template routes, hydrothermal synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or physical sputtering, depending on the membrane material and its application. These membrane preparation methods will be described in the following chapters of this book for different membranes and membrane reactors. We note that the preparation of inorganic membranes involves a multi-step high-temperature treatment process. Therefore, inorganic membranes are much more expensive than polymeric ones. 

Many techniques have been developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as solid-state reactions [5-14], molten salt synthesis [15-21], hydrothermal methods [22-29], sol-gel processing [30-36], co-precipitation [37-46], thermal evaporation [47-50], plasma methods [51-54], chemical vapor deposition [55-60], pulsed laser deposition [61-66], and magnetron sputtering [67-72],... 

The preparation of nanomaterials is one of the most active fields in material science. Number of techniques have been used for the production of nanoparticles gas-evaporation [11], sputtering [12], sol-gel method [13], hydrothermal [14], microemulsion [15, 16], polyols [17], laser pyrolysis [18], sonochemical synthesis [19], chemical coprecipitation [20-22], and so on. Among them, the surfactant assembly mediated synthesis is attracting more attention because it allows for a good... 

Numerous methods, which include inert gas condensation, high energy ball-milling, flame pyrolysis, electron beam vapour deposition, rapid solidification, reactive sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel technique, microemulsion, co-precipitation, hydrothermal method, spark erosion and electrodeposition, are available for the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials (Koch, 2003b ... 

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