Spruce, forest survey

Fic. 3. Survey in spruce forest, a) Selection of sample trees class 2 (dominant) b) Counting of whorls from top to seventh whorl c) Recounting of annual shoots from top to seventh shoot d) Assessment of needle retention at main lateral shoot e) Sampling for later chemical analy. ... 

The distribution and typres of forests lying on the territory of the municipality of Mori (TN) were surveyed in the year 2007 by Ingegnoli and Giglio, following the LaBISV Method. Mixed oak forests Ostrya woods) are the most widespread formation (59.7%) followed, in the uppar vegetation belt, by pine forests Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra), spruce forests... 

Fig. 11. The distribution of proper ecological characters of the alliance of Pinus (red), Picea (green) or Fagion (blue), following the above mentioned formula, within each surveyed tessera of spruce forest.

By far the greatest damage has been observed at Camels Hump in Vermont s Green Mountains, where 50% of the red spruce have died and the number of spruce seedlings declined by at least 50% since 1965. (See Plate I.) A recent survey failed to find a single healthy seedling.Maples and beeches, while less dramatically affected, have also declined. The spruce forest at Camels Hump spends about one third of its existence shrouded in fog and mist which is often highly acidic. 

Kaupenjohann, M., Zech, W., Hantschel, R., Horn, R. and Schneider, B.U. (1989). Mineral nutrition of forest trees a regional survey. In, Forest decline and air pollution. A study of spruce (Plcea ables) on acid soils, ed. E.-D. Schulze, O.L. Lange and R. Oren, 282-296. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Smith, W. H. 1988. Pathological Survey of the Spruce-fir Forest on Mt. Moosilauke. Final Report to Spruce-Fir Research Cooperative, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA. 

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