Lateral shoots

Most plants exhibit "apical dominance" which means that the presence of a terminal (distal) meristem tends to suppress lateral shoot initiation (11). Since lateral shoot production is an important characteristic to assess in hydrilla, the frequency of shoot production was determined in sequentially cut (distal to proximal) explants (Table VI). Even though the 4 cm apical meristem contained several nodes, almost none of these produced new shoots. However, nearly half the 2-node explants subtending the cut apical meristem produced new shoots. There was no apparent difference in percent of new shoots produced once the apical meristem was removed. 

One of the most important factors for the success of an orchard is the quality of the planting stock. In addition to certain basic reqnirements, the planting stock mnst be of satisfactory internal and external quality. Nowadays it is unusual to plant trees withont lateral shoots. With these trees, the fruit grower is acting as a nnrseryman in the first year, as he has to grow the lateral shoots in his orchard. This inevitably reduces the initial yields. 

Treatment with 2 % wettable sulphur if the lateral shoots of the fruiting canes are 10 cm in length. 

Fic. 3. Survey in spruce forest, a) Selection of sample trees class 2 (dominant) b) Counting of whorls from top to seventh whorl c) Recounting of annual shoots from top to seventh shoot d) Assessment of needle retention at main lateral shoot e) Sampling for later chemical analy. ... 

Like other bramble fruits, blackberries need full sun and well-drained, moisture-retentive soil. Train plants to posts or fences. Prune annually. Pull unwanted suckers. On erect blackberries pinch the tips of 3 canes to force growth of lateral shoots. During the dormant season, shorten all lateral shoots to about... 

Auxins are synthesized in apical buds (at the tip) of growing shoots. They stimulate growth of the main shoot and inhibit lateral shoot development. A class of auxin-binding membrane proteins may represent auxin receptors. Auxin action involves pumping protons out of the cell, possibly in conjunction with a membrane ATPase. 

Changes in the tomatine content of various parts of the tomato plant have been followed during growth. The tomatine content of lateral shoots of the tomato plant varies from 2.3 to 7% The total glyco-alkaloid content of six Lycopersicon species has been studied the highest yield of glyco-alkaloids was obtained from immature fruits of L. chmielewskii. ... 

It is still common that plain radiography is performed and this will show a low obstruction early in the neonatal period (Fig. 13a). A prone lateral shoot through radiograph may be helpful in determining the level of the atresia, and allow assessment of the sacrum (Figs. 13b,c)... 

Fig. 14.2. Lateral shoot through radiograph of the knee demonstrating fat fluid interface of a lipohaemarthrosis adjacent to the patella...

In earlier work, [ H]-[9R]Z was supplied to the transpiration stream of both de-rooted and intact blue lupin (Lupinusangustifolius L.) plants [2]. Features of this work included (1) the very low proportion of [9R]Z which moved to the seed, although [9R]Z reached the pod walls in significant amounts and tended to be conserved therein (2) the direct lateral movement of [9R]Z and/or related cytokinins from xylem to bark (all tissues outside secondary xylem) (3) the detection of a metabolite, or closely related metabolites, of unknown nucleotide-like structure in pod walls, stem bark and developing lateral shoots. For convenience, the metabolites were all designated U-NT (meaning unknown nucleotides), because all... 

To summarize, cytokinin translocation via the xylem has been studied in three systems, namely, blue lupin, pigeonpea and tobacco. These provide insight into seed development and new metabolites, lateral shoot development, and leaf senescence, respectively. The view that xylem cytokinin level greatly influences the cytokinin status of the shoot and thus affects aspects of shoot development and also senescence is widely accepted although it still lacks adequate validation. The results with pigeonpea and work with soybean explants (see Nooden and et al., this Vol.) indeed support the concept of a regulatory role for xylem cytokinin. However, the tobacco system clearly shows that cytokinin level in leaves is governed by additional mechanisms such as biosynthesis in the leaf per se. 

Baltunis, B.S. and M.S. Greenwood. 1998. Variation in lateral shoot elongation patterns and hybrid vigor in full-sib families and interspecific hybrids of larch. Tree Physiol. 19 131-136. 

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