Spruce Forest ecosystem of Northwestern Eurasia

The dominant species are the spruce (Picea excelsa), the birch (Betula verrucosa, B. pubescens), the aspen (Populus tremula), and the alder (Aims incana). The moss and low bush layer is represented by the blueberry-bush (Vaccinium myrtiilus), hypnic mosses, separate species of cowberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and flowering plants. The biomass of these Spruce Forest ecosystems reaches 10 ton/ha at the age of 100-150 years (Table 4). 

We can see from Table 4 that most of the Spruce Forest ecosystem biomass is accumulated in trees, with trunk mass predominating. The values of annual Net Primary Production (NPP) and litterfall production are more connected with needles. In living matter, the mass of moss and bush species makes up to 2-3% of the tree biomass, whereas in dead matter (litterfall), it is up to 10%. 

The averaged fluxes and sinks of trace metals in biogeochemical turnover in Spruce Forest ecosystems are shown in Table 5. 

There are significant differences in plant uptake of trace metals from soils. It is one of the most important pathways characterizing the exposure to various elements 

We can see that the Cb values for lead, zinc, tin, nickel, and copper are an order of magnitude higher than those for zirconium, titanium, and vanadium. We can observe also that the curves follow a similar pattern independently of the composition of the bedrock, diabasis or gneissic, underlying the forest ecosystems. Simultaneously, various plants absorb the same elements at a different rate. For instance, mosses are 

---