Factor spreading

For the production of wood-based panels various adhesives are in use like aminoplastic resins (UF, MU(P)F), phenolic resins (PF) or isocyanate (PMDI). The proper choice of the adhesive depends on the required properties of the wood-based panels, on the working conditions during the production as well as often on the costs for the adhesive system this not only means the net price of the adhesive but the overall costs of the gluing system including glue spread factor. 

The present authors have had experience using rotary samplers for field studies involving relatively small droplets for vector control applications and for the measurement of droplet size at far-field distances. When using magnesium oxide slides, the spread factor for droplets varies from 0.75 for crater diameters up to 15 jam, to 0.8 for 15-20 p.m and 0.86 for crater diameters above 20 am. 

The action of spreading factors, e. g., hyaluronidases on hyaluronic acid both in vivo and in vitro is often quite dramatic, and the effect in vitro appears to go in three stages (a) a separation of the protein residue ... 

The destruction of hyaluronic acid by spreading factors in sperms may play an important role in fertilization processes. 0... 

Fig. 12. Spread factor of the droplet verse time for the impact condition given in Fig. 10 at...

Fig. 12 shows the spread factors simulated on meshes with different resolutions along with the measurement value of Wachters and Westerling (1966). The spread factor is defined as the radius of the droplet on the solid surface divided by the initial radius of the droplet. Although the convergence is not perfect, the agreement between the experiment and the simulations is relatively good for all resolutions. Consistent with the results of Fig. 11, the effect of the mesh resolution on spread factor becomes notable after 8 ms since the moment of impact, and the coarser resolution tends to yield a slower rebounding process. 

Recently, Pasandideh-Fard et al.13661 developed a simple analytical model to predict the maximum spread factor on a flat solid... 

If the dominating domain is selected correctly, the error induced by the simplification will be no more than about 20%. However, even well into the viscous dissipation domain, the effects of the surface tension are still significant, while in the surface tension domain, the effects of viscous dissipation disappear far more rapidly as one moves away from the borderline. In other words, the viscous energy dissipation contribution to the spread factor rapidly declines within the surface tension-dominated domain, while significant residual surface tension effects extend well into the viscous energy dissipation domain. 

The spreading factor C is the variance of the chromatograms of the monodisperse polymer species, i.e. of the instrumental spreading fimction G(V,Vr), If O g varies linearly vd.th the retention volume of the monodisperse polymer, then<0 > is numerically equal to the interpolated value 0 (v) of the function (T (Vr) for the polydisperse sample at its mean elution volume. 

The forth step is to estimate the parameter f and the spreading factor by Equation 9, 10 and 8, taking ( 8(7) as an approximation of function... 

The mean elution volume and total variance calculated from the e qperimental chromatograms of polystyrene and 1,2-polybutadiene on the ARL 9 0 GPC instrument are so listed in Table I. The coefficients of the effective relation, coordinates of the cross-point, paranrater % and spreading factor were computed by the schema outlined above. The results obtained are listed in Table II and III, The effective relations and calibration... 

The uncertainty of the calculated spreading factor A(o q) depends upon the accuracy of the inhomogeneity index of the sample and that of the total variance of experimental chromatogram. It may be expressed as... 

If the experimental chromatogram is Gaussian, the spreading factor co ild be represented by... 

The molecular weight dependency of the spreading factor, in other words the restricted diffusion of the macromolecule in the pore Is much pronounced for styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer gel. 

Figure 3. Variation of the spreading factor with the elution volume. Key o> PS > PB> GPC-LALLS, PS.

Figure 5. Variation of relative spreading factor with the molecular weight of polystyrene standards. Key o SG, SEC unit 1 and 2 SDG, SEC unit 3 and U.

CCD detectors use a phosphor to convert the incoming X-ray to visible light, which is in turn detected by the CCD chip. During this conversion process, the apparent size of an X-ray reflection increases, a phenomenon known as the point-spread factor. Typically, this change in reflection size does not present a significant challenge. In extreme cases (i.e. large unit cell dimensions or a very short sample to detector distance), however, it can lead to overlaps between adjacent reflections. When overlaps do occur, diffraction data can be recorded... 

A new generation of pixel-array detectors is currently under development for use in protein crystallography (Bronnimann et ah, 2004, 2006). These detectors exhibit minimal point-spread factors. In addition, their extremely rapid readout, <10 msec, permits diffraction data to be acquired on a near continuous basis. 

Achievable Rate of ST Watermarking and Optimal Spreading Factor t... 

---