Spray tanks, aircraft

From 1974 to 1981, toxic agents were used by the Soviet Union and its client states in such Cold War sites as Afghanistan, Laos, and Kampuchea (Cambodia). Aerosol-and-droplet clouds were produced by delivery systems in the Soviet arsenal such as aircraft spray tanks, aircraft-launched rockets, bombs (exploding cylinders), canisters, a Soviet hand-held weapon (DH-10), and booby traps. Aircraft used for delivery included L-19s, AN-2s, T-28s, T-41s, MiG-2 Is (in Laos) and Soviet MI-24 helicopters (in Afghanistan and Laos). 

A solution of sulfur trioxide [7446-11-9] dissolved in chlorosulfonic acid [7990-94-5] CISO H, has been used as a smoke (U.S. designation FS) but it is not a U.S. standard agent (see Chlorosulfuric acid Sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide). When FS is atomized in air, the sulfur trioxide evaporates from the small droplets and reacts with atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric acid vapor. This vapor condenses into minute droplets that form a dense white cloud. FS produces its effect almost instantaneously upon mechanical atomization into the atmosphere, except at very low temperatures. At such temperatures, the small amount of moisture normally present in the atmosphere, requires that FS be thermally generated with the addition of steam to be effective. FS can be used as a fill for artillery and mortar shells and bombs and can be effectively dispersed from low performance aircraft spray tanks. FS is both corrosive and toxic in the presence of moisture, which imposes limitations on its storage, handling, and use. 

Si, and stannic tetrachloride. An effective smoke agent, whether it be mechanically dispersed from an aircraft spray tank or vaporized thermally, is a mixt of S trioxide and chlorosulfonic acid (FS smoke agent) which upon hydrolysis forms sulfuric and hydrochloric acid dispersions. Of course, all such formulations are highly corrosive, and, if not outright toxic, then conducive to pulmonary edema... 

The principal use for the tetrachloride is in pyrots as a smoke agent (called FM ), Ref 5 reports that the tetrachloride. . is extremely reactive resulting in the formation of hydrated oxides, or with atmospheric moisture and, when used for screening, is often disseminated from aircraft spray tanks. Its reaction with water vapor is relatively complex. First, the titanium tetrachloride is hydrated. This reaction is followed by further hydrolysis yielding, finally, titanium hydroxide and HC1. The smoke consists of a mixture of fine particles of solid titanium hydroxide, Ti(0H)4 the hydrated oxide, Ti02-H20 intermediate hydroxychlorides of titanium and dilute HC1 droplets. The sequence of reaction is ... 

Airports/airfields — L L Aircraft (bombs, cluster spray bombs, spray tanks, missiles)... 

Porton Down made use of this logic between 1919 and 1939 to carry out a mass of offensive research, developing gas grenades and hand contamination bombs a toxic air smoke bomb charged with a new arsenic codenamed D M was tested anti-tank weapons were produced and Porton developed an aircraft spray tank capable of dispersing mustard gas from a height of 15,000 feet. At the same time the weapons of the First World War — the Livens Projector, the mortar, the chemical shell and even the cylinder - were all modified and improved. 

This defensive work included improvements to many First World War weapons, including gas shells, mortar bombs, the Livens Projector and toxic smoke generators and the development of apparatus for mustard gas spray from aircraft, bombs of many types, airburst mustard gas shell, gas grenades and weapons for attacking tanks . The various inventions were tested in north Wales, Scotland, and in installations scattered throughout the Empire, notably northern India, Australia and the Middle East. 

It is conceivable that Churchill s instruction was the result of a private approach from Dill at any rate, the anti-gas lobby were immediately swept aside. Within a week, Britain had scraped together her meagre stocks of gas and had them loaded into aircraft spray tanks and bombs at more than twelve RAF bases from Scotland to the South Coast all were operationally ready to mount a chemical attack by the end of the first week of July.10... 

The Newport factory, built at a cost of eight million dollars, was run for the Pentagon by the Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation of New York. By 1967 it had produced between four and five thousand tons of V X, and a new generation of chemical weapons had entered service with the United States. V X had been loaded into landmines, artillery shells, aircraft spray tanks, even the warheads of battlefield missiles.24 In less than ten years a potential British pesticide had become the most poisonous weapon in service with the American forces. 

Toxins were employed in ground or air bursting munitions, aircraft spray tanks or ground-level aerosol generators. It was widely reported a few years ago that an air gun was developed for the CIA that shot a steel dart one-fifth the thickness of a human hair. The dart was dipped in shellfish toxin (saxitoxin, Gonyaulax tamarensis or perhaps catanella) and was... 

The smoke phase of the operation, while generally successful, revealed the expected inadequacies in procedure which accompany any such pioneering effort. Each of the seven A-ao s carried four Mio smoke tanks, a versatile munition which served also as a spray tank for toxic agents. Slung under the wings of aircraft, the Mio tank... 

Any device intended for internal or external carriage, mounted on aircraft suspension and release equipment, and which may or may not be intended to be separated in flight from the aircraft. Stores include missiles, rockets, bombs, nuclear weapons, mines, fuel and spray tanks, torpedoes, detachable fuel and spray tanks, dispensers, pods, targets, chaff and flares including external dispensing equipment, and suspension equipment (racks, pylons). Note that individual rockets, gun rounds, and submunitions are not considered to be stores. 

Mylar sheeting immediately above the canopy, at three levels in the crown, and at each cardinal position in the canopy. A salt (MnSOjj) was added to the tank mix as a tracer (17). One spray application was made at tree top by a Hughes 500C helicopter and two applications by a Stearman fixed-wing aircraft. 

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