Spray nozzles for

Spray-Filled Towers - These depend only on spray nozzles for water breakup. 

In an atmospheric spray tower the air movement - is dependent on atmospheric conditions and the aspirating effect of the spray nozzles. Natural-draft cooling tower operation depends on a chimney or stack to induce air movement. Mechanical-draft cboling towers utilize fans to move ambient air through the tower. Deck-filled towers contain tiers of splash bars or decks to assist in the breakup of water drops to increase the total water surface and subsequently the evaporation rate. Spray-filled towers depend only on spray nozzles for water breakup. Coil shed towers are comprised of a combination structure of a cooling tower installed on top of a substructure that contains atmospheric section coils. Hyperbolic natural-draft cooling towers are typically large-capacity systems. 

The effectiveness of absorption depends on water flow rate, drop size, and gas solubility. Fthenakis (1989) developed a simple model for evaluating mass transfer induced by a single water-spray nozzle for a point-source release ... 

The differences in full- and hollow-cone spray patterns can be seen in Figure 4.5. In this figure the spray flux, gpm/ft2, is plotted versus the radial distance from the center line of the spray nozzle. For the hollow-cone spray there is very little water at the center of the spray. Instead, it is all at the outer edge. Conversely, for the full-cone spray, the water is fairly evenly distributed radially about the center line of the nozzle. 

Bete Fog Nozzle Inc. (2005) Spray Nozzles for Industry, Fire Protection and Pollution Control. www.bete.com... 

According to Miiller and Kraft,powder mixers can be divided into two major groups. The distinguishing characteristic is the method by which particle movement is initiated and maintained. They are machines in which (A) mixing is accomplished by gravity (free-fall mixers) and (B) mixing takes place by the action of mechanical forces. Any one of these mixers, with or without modifications, can be utilized for agglomeration. For adaptation, spray nozzles for binder addition need to be installed in most mixers. 

Commercially, Agilent Technologies produces chips for both direct infusion into a mass spectrometer and for HPLC-MS applications. The chips accommodate nanoflow rates with an electrospray ionisation source, are about the size of a credit card and are rensable. The infusion chip is for collecting direct MS or tandem MS data. The protein HPLC chip has both a sample enrichment and CIS separation column on the chip, as well as the connections and spray nozzles for electrospray. There are also a small molecule chip and a glycan chip. The chip being used is placed in a Chip Cube MS interface which positions the sprayer tip perpendicular to the MS inlet (Figure 10.7). 

Antkowiak, W., and Heim, A., Investigation of Pneumatic Spray Nozzle for Wetting Granulate Fine Material, Inzynieria Chemiezna i Procesowa (Chem. Process Eng.), Vol. 8, No. 1, 1987, pp. 57-65 (in Polish). 

Fig. 20.25 A spray nozzle for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride after 10 h operation (left) and a hydrophilic ionic liquid after 35 h operation right). Image Copyright from loLiTec—Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH...

Two ring spargers, one for LPCS and the other for HPCS, are mounted inside the core shroud in the space between the top of the core and the steam separator base. The core spray ring spargers are provided with spray nozzles for the injection of cooling water. The core spray spargers and nozzles do not interfere with the installation or removal of fuel from the core. A nozzle for the injection of the neutron absorber (sodium pentaborate) solution is mounted below the core in the region of the recirculation inlet plenum. 

Bedaw RE. Atomizing spray nozzle for mixing a liquid with a gas. U.S. Patent 5,240,183, 1993. 

Because of high turbulence in the spout and the regularity of particle mixing, different types of spouted bed are highly appropriate to the placement of spray nozzles for the purpose of particle formulation, such as granulation or coating. Two examples in which liquid spraying occurs directly at the entrance of the gas jet, and which results in a concurrent, upward flow of the droplets and gas with frequent droplet-partide collisions, are shown in Fig. 4.3. The equipment shown in Fig. 4.3a is of the conical-cylindrical type, whereas the cylindrical device of Fig. 4.3b is named Wurster equipment, after its inventor (Wurster, 1959). The main feature of... 

Tee mixers, impingement jet mixers, and spray nozzles (for liquid into gas) are also often used, especially when adequate pressure energy is available or can be made available in the additive stream. These sidestream additive injection devices are sometimes used in combination with static mixers to optimize design and performance. The design and application of tee mixers are described in detail in the following section. 

If the main stream does not have sufficient pressure but the additive side stream does, a Tee mixer (or spray nozzle for liquids into gas) should be used. 

There are other comments to be made about this type of application. The liquid spray nozzle should supply liquid to the face of the mixing elements without appreciably wetting the vessel wall. A 30° full cone nozzle is typically used. Ideally, the spray should consist of droplets in the range 1000 to 2000 p-m range. A quick review of spay nozzle literature indicates that the appropriate spray nozzle for 44 gal/min of alkaline water would operate at about 100 psi pressure drop. Multiple nozzles could be used if a lower liquid-side pressure drop is desired. Fine atomization spray nozzles should be avoided since fine spray drops are difficult to separate in downstream mist eliminator equipment. A Alter or strainer should be installed on the liquid feed to prevent plugging the feed nozzle, especially if the nozzle orifice size is small. 

Suitability for special unit operations spray nozzle for agglomeration, highspeed choppers for breaking loose the agglomerates in the feed or mixture. Mixing time/order up to 5 min with random mixing. 

In addition, spray-nozzle distributors have been used to irrigate packed beds (Figure 10-14). Spray nozzles for distributing liquid usually are not used in fractionating columns or absorbers. Their use is limited to heat transfer operations where liquid entrainment from the bed top is not... 

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