Spool

Figure 5.37 depicts the basic set up of a wireline logging operation. A sonde is lowered downhole after the drill string has been removed. The sonde is connected via an insulated and reinforced electrical cable to a winch unit at the surface. At a speed of about 600m per hour the cable Is spooled upward and the sonde continuously records formation properties like natural gamma ray radiation, formation resistivity or formation density. The measured data is sent through the cable and is recorded and processed in a sophisticated logging unita the surface. Offshore, this unit will be located in a cabin, while on land it is truck mounted. In either situation data can be transmitted in real time via satellite to company headquarters if required. 

It is unclear, however, how many degrees of freedom are associated with f(a, v) since there are two sets of independent measurements. If the variances sa and sb estimate the same O, then the two standard deviations can be factored out of equation 4.19 and replaced by a pooled standard deviation. Spool, which provides a better estimate for the precision of the analysis. Thus, equation 4.19 becomes... 

Once a significant difference has been demonstrated by an analysis of variance, a modified version of the f-test, known as Fisher s least significant difference, can be used to determine which analyst or analysts are responsible for the difference. The test statistic for comparing the mean values Xj and X2 is the f-test described in Chapter 4, except that Spool is replaced by the square root of the within-sample variance obtained from an analysis of variance. 

Fig. 1. A, hoUow-fiber spool B, hoUow-fiber cartridge employed ia hemodialysis C, cartridge identical to item B demonstrating high packing density D, hoUow-fiber assembly employed for tissue ceU growth E, hoUow-fiber bundle potted at its ends to be inserted into a cartridge or employed ia a situation...

Fig. 6. Schematic of dry-jet wet spinning employing tube-in-orifice spinneret A, bore injection medium (liquid, gas, or suspended soHds) B, pump C, spinneret D, polymer spinning solution E, micrometer ( -lm) "dope" filter F, coagulation or cooling bath G, quench bath and H, collection spool.

The combustor is assembled of flanged, spool-shaped water-cooled metal components, each with its own water-cooling circuit and pressure shell. No ceramic linings are used. Gas pressure is contained by stainless steel outer shells and the internal surfaces subject to high heat fluxes are lined with low alloy water-cooled panels. 

Dual-beUows assembhes, ie, universal-type expansion joints, are particularly vulnerable to squirm, and can experience elastic squirm at one-fourth the pressure of an individual bellows. When large amounts of offset are encountered, as is often the design basis, a pinwheel effect occurs because of unbalanced pressure forces. This effect tends to rotate the center-spool pipe which may lead to bellows mpture. Eor this reason the center spool should always be stabilized by hinges or tie-rod lugs to prevent such rotation. 

Fig. 13. (a) Preferential flow through rotary valve and (b) correction from installation of a vertical spool piece. 

Commercial and Artificial Processing. Commercially, silkworm cocoons are extracted in hot soapy water to remove the sticky sericin protein. The remaining fibroin or stmctural sdk is reeled onto spools, yielding approximately 300—1200 m of usable thread per cocoon. These threads can be dyed or modified for textile appUcations. Production levels of sdk textiles in 1992 were 67,000 metric tons worldwide. The highest levels were in China, at 30,000 t, foUowed byJapan, at 17,000 t, and other Asian and Oceanian countries, at 14,000 t (24). Less than 3000 metric tons are produced annually in each of eastern Europe, western Europe, and Latin America almost no production exists in North America, the Middle East, or Africa. 1993 projections were for a continued worldwide increase in sdk textile production to 75,000 metric tons by 1997 and 90,000 metric tons by 2002 (24). 

Figure 8-74b is an example of a pneumatic positioner/actuator. The input signal is a pneumatic pressure that (1) moves the summing beam, w ch (2) operates the spool valve amplifier, which (3) provides flow to and from the piston actuator, which (4) causes the ac tuator to move and continue moving until (5) the feedback force returns the beam to its original position and stops valve travel at a new position. Typical positioner operation is thereby achieved. 

I Spool lengths less than 120 in are available but are not standard. 

FIG, 28-20 Assembly of a corrosion-test spool and specimens. Mantell, ed., Engineering Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958. )... 

In a few special cases, the standard spool-type specimen holder is not apphcable and a suitable special test method must be devised to apply to the corrosion conditions being studied. 

For conducting tests in pipe lines of 75-mm (3-in) diameter or larger, a spool holder as shown in Fig. 28-21, which employs the same disk-type specimens used on the standard spool holder, has been used. This frame is so designed that it may be placed in a pipe line in any position without permitting the disk specimens to touch the wall of the pipe. As with the strip-type holder, this assembly does not materially interfere with the fluid through the pipe and permits the study of corrosion effects prevailing in the pipe line. 

Oil piping shall be supplied with removable, turnout-type spools for ease of flushing the oil system. 

Since a spool piece in the inlet piping is required for maintenance reasons, it is recommended that this be replaced by a flow measuring section containing the required instrumentation. 

Four separate pressure gauges read at expander inlet, taps located about one pipe diameter from expander flanges located in spool piece, 90° apart. 

Four separate temperatures, in spool pieee ahead of inlet flange, 90° apart. 

The second type of coupling, shown in Figure 18-3, has the male teeth integral with the spool. In this coupling type the same amount of heat is produced, but the hollow-bored spool will accept heat in a manner similar to the sleeve so that no differential growth occurs. 

NOTE For marine or spool-type coupling the max. recommended... 

There is one word that should be repeated over and over cleanliness. As each piping spool is brought in for connections, it should be checked for cleanliness. Any dirt removed prior to connection to the system will not have to be removed in the flushing procedure. 

Figure 4.19 shows a spool-valve eontrolled linear aetuator. When the spool-valve is moved to the right, pressurized hydraulie oil flows into ehamber (1) eausing the piston to move to the left, and in so doing forees oil in ehamber (2) to be expelled to the exhaust port. 

The following analysis will be linearized for small perturbations of the spool-valve and aetuator. 

Fig. 4.20 Pressure-Flow-rate characteristics fora spool-valve.

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