Sponges compounds from

The most well known and most widely used compounds mentioned in the chapter are the doubly protected monosaccharide derivatives (cf. Schemes 16-18 and 27-29), which serve as building blocks for the regio- and stereospecific synthesis of a host of more complex carbohydrates. A number of newly discovered alkaloids contain fused 5 6 6-triheterocyclic systems these compounds may come from not only traditional (plant) sources, for example, compounds 96, 292-294, 446, and 447, but also insects (compounds 531-533), marine animals of various kinds, for example, sponges (compounds 58 R = H or OH) and ascidians (compound 289), and amphibians (compound 535). Although the majority of these alkaloids are known to be toxic in sufficient quantity, any possible therapeutic applications have apparently not yet been disclosed. 

There are 34 fundamental phyla of life 17 occur on land and 32 in the sea (including some overlaps). More chemical diversity is found among marine hfe forms. Most of these are from invertebrate organisms— sponges, tunicates, and mollusks. Some of the compounds from marine life forms are extremely potent, given that these organisms have to defend themselves from attacks in vast volumes of water that dilute the compound. 

We will discuss HDAC inhibitors that are derived from plants, sponges, and other sources such as bacteria. Currently known HDAC inhibitors/compounds from edible fruits and vegetables will be discussed. HDAC activators will be presented, which may have a beneficial role for the development of new agents for improving neurological health. We will conclude with HDAC modulators which have been shown to be capable of limiting expression levels of these enzymes. 

Debitus, C. Cesario, M. Guilhem, J. Pascard, C. Pa fe, M. (1989) Tetrahedron Lett., (1989) Corallistine, a new polynitrogen compound from the sponge Corallistes fulvodesmus. Tetrahedron Lett., 30, 1535-8. 

Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges and Their Symbiotic Microbes A Potential Source of Nutraceuticals... 

Higa, T, Tanaka, J., Kitamura, A., Koyama, T., Takahashi, M., and Uchida, T. (1994). Bioactive compounds from marine sponges. Pure Appl. Chem. 66, 2227-2230. 

Muller, W. E. G., Bohm, M., Batel, R., Rosa, S. D., Tommonaro, G., Muller, I. M., and Schroder, H. C. (2000). Application of cell culture for the production of bioactive compounds from sponges Synthesis of avarol by primmorphs from Dysidea avara. J. Nat. Prod. 63,1077-1081. 

The thiazoline and thiazole rings are present in many cyclic peptides isolated from marine organisms. Most of these types of compound have been isolated from tunicates belonging to the Lissoclinum and Didemnum genus, from sponges of the genus Theonella, and from the sea hare mollusc Dolabella auricularia. The isolation of closely related compounds from cyanobacteria pointed out the symbiont origin of these metabolites. 

This new metabolite belongs to the L-series of trichloroleucine peptides and is a rare example of a non-/V-methylated trichloroleucine amino acid (992). Another sample of this sponge from the same locale has yielded the new thiazoles 945 and 946, which are also related to dysidenin (993). The Panamanian Lyngbya majuscula has afforded the new dysidenamide (947), pseudodysidenin (948), and nordysidenin (949), which is the first report of dysidenin-like compounds from a free-living cyanobacterium (994). 

Musman M, Tanaka J, Higa T (2001) New Sesquiterpene Carbonimidic Dichlorides and Related Compounds from the Sponge Stylotella aurantium. J Nat Prod 64 111... 

Hu J-F, Schetz JA, Kelly M, Peng J-N, Ang KKH, Flotow H, Leong CY, Ng SB, Buss AD, Wilkins SP, Hamann MT (2002) New Antiinffective and Human 5-HT2 Receptor Binding Natural and Semisynthetic Compounds from the Jamaican Sponge Smenospongia awrea. J Nat Prod 65 476... 

Ross SA, Weete JD, Schinazi RF, Wirtz SS, Thamish P, Scheuer PJ, Hamann MT (2000) Mololipids, A New Series of Anti-HIV Bromotyramine-Derived Compounds from a Sponge of the Order Verongida. J Nat Prod 63 501... 

Ciminiello P, Dell Aversano C, Fattorusso E, Magno S (2001) Archerine, a Novel Anti-Histaminic Bromotyrosine-Derived Compound from the Caribbean Marine Sponge Aplysina archeri. Eur J Org Chem 55... 

Wright AD, Wang H, Gurrath M, Kdnig GM, Kocak G, Neumann G, Loria P, Foley M, Tilley L (2001) Inhibition of Heme Detoxification Processes Underlies the Antimalarial Activity of Terpene Isonitrile Compounds from Marine Sponges. J Med Chem 44 873... 

Teeyapant R, Woerdenbag HJ, Kreis P, Hacker J, Wray V, Witte L, Proksch P (1993) Antibiotic and Cytotoxic Activity of Brominated Compounds from the Marine Sponge Verongia aerophoba. Z Naturforsch 48c 939... 

Fused tetra- and pentacyclic aromatic alkaloids are a new, emerging group of compounds from marine organisms. Amphimedine (187) was isolated from a Pacific sponge (Amphimedon sp.) as a cytotoxic compound in 1983 and was the first example of a polycyclic alkaloid (158). A pigment from the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica, named calliactine, has been known for many years, but the structure elucidation of calliactine was a difficult problem (159). In 1987 the structure of calliactine was proposed to be 188 on the basis of modern spectroscopic methods as well as chemical... 

Mallinson et al. [56,57] have carried out experimental and theoretical charge density determinations on a proton sponge compound, bis(dimethyamino)-napthalene (DMAN), in both pristine and protonated forms (Fig. 6). They used positional and thermal parameters of hydrogen atoms from an independent neutron diffraction experiment and treated the thermal... 

Fijianolide B 6 (Scheme 6.1 Part 1) was first reported concurrently by two laboratories.42,43 Our group isolated fijianolides A and B from a sample of Cacospongia mycofijiensis, whereas the Scheuer group obtained identical compounds from an Indonesian sponge and its nudibranch predator,... 

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