Boring sponges

Fig. 2.4.1. Traces of cHonid sponge boring and chip-removal in a shell of the bivalve Venus sp. Mediterranean SEM, courtesy of Dr. D. Fiitterer, Kiel, W. Germany.

Fig. 3.10 Cliona nigricans, a boring sponge found in the Ligurian Sea, Italy, that contains the clionastatins A and B (659 and 660). The brown color is due to symbiotic zooxanthellae (Photo C. Cerrano)...

Hill, M.S., Symbiotic zooxanthellae enhance boring and growth rates of the tropical sponge Anthosig-mella varians forma varians, Mar. Biol., 125, 649, 1996. 

Futterer, D.K., 1974. Significance of the boring sponge Cliona for the origins of fine grained material of carbonate sediments. J. Sediment. Petrol., 44 79—84. 

Carbonic anhydrase is generally associated with photosynthesis and respiration. Its association with carbonate dissolution has been established in clio-nid sponges (Hatch, 1975) and predatory snails (Chetail and Binot, 1967 Chetail and Fournie, 1969 Smarsh et al., 1969), and is suspected in other invertebrates and carbonate-boring algae and fungi. 

Only a few determinations of destruction rates by bioerosional processes in the marine environment have been made, and the rates reported were determined in different ways and are not directly comparable. They range between 0.01 mm and 1.6 mm y. The extremely high destruction rates reported by Jehu (1918) for pholads (12.7 mm y ) and Neumann (1966) for the boring sponge Cliona lampa (14 mm y ) represent maximum rates of the actual boring which does not necessarily continue after the organism has become established. Riitzler (1975) determined the destruction rate of Cliona lampa as 0.1—1.0 mm y . Lists of authors, localities, tidal zones, determination methods and destruction rates are tabulated by Milliman (1974, Table 66, p. 269) and Schneider (1976, Table 14, p. 76). 

Cobb, W.R., 1969. Penetration of calcium carbonate substrates by the boring sponge, Cliona. Am. Zool., 9 783—790. 

Neumann, A.C., 1966. Observations on coastal erosion in Bermuda and measurements of the boring rate of the sponge Cliona lampa. Limnol. Oceanogr., 11 92—108. 

Microbial micritization. Many organisms bore into carbonate deposits. The most important one is cyanobacteria, but others include cliona sponges, bivalves, polychaetes and fungi. The bore-holes become filled with a calcium carbonate structure called micrite, which typically forms an envelope around... 

The reactor is cooled for a period of several days before opening and removal of the titanium sponge and sodium chloride mixture. The removal operation, as in the magnesium process, is carried out rapidly by means of large horizontal boring machines of the type shown in Fig. 6.13, operated in a dry room . 

Barucca, M., Azzini, F., Bavestrello, G., Biscotti, M., Caldnai, B., Canapa, A., Cerrano, C., and Olmo, E. (2007) The systematic position of some boring sponges (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) studied by molecular analysis. Mar. Bid., 151, 529-535. 

Bautista-Guerrero, E., Carballo, J.L., Cruz-Barraza, J.A., and Nava, H.H. (2006) New coral reef boring sponges (Hadromerida Clionaidae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 86, 963-970. 

Carballo, J.L. and Cmz-Barraza, J.A. (2005) CLUma microstrongylata, a new species of boring sponge from the Sea of Cortes (Pacific Ocean, Mexico). Cahiers Biol. Mar., 46, 379-387. 

Nava, H. and Carballo, J.L. (2008) Chemical and mechanical bioerosion of boring sponges from Mexican Pacific coral reefs. ]. Exp. Biol, 211, 2827-2831. 

Thomas, PA. (1979) Boring sponges destructive to economically important moHuscan beds and coral reels in the Indian seas. Indian... 

Using a solvent-based bore liquid allows the viscous fingering to penetrate through the whole cross section, leaving a highly porous inner surface with little resistance to the water permeation and a sponge-like skin layer for separation, as shown in Figure 10.2. 

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