Spoiled iron

In general, corrosion means rust, an almost universal object of hatred. Rust is specifically referred to as the corrosion of iron. But corrosion is a destructive phenomenon that affects almost all metals. The Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder (AD 23-AD 79) wrote about ferrum corrumpitur or spoiled iron. (42) At this time, the Roman Empire was established as the world s foremost civilization because of its use of iron in weaponry and other artifacts. 

Pliny the elder (AD 23-79) wrote about spoiled iron. 

Perhaps the only ancient scientific account of surfaces is to be found in some passages of the great Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) who wrote at length about ferrum corrumpitur, or spoiled iron. By his time the Roman Empire had been established as the world s foremost civilization, a distinction due partly to the... 

Other compounds which may be found in crude oil are metals such as vanadium, nickel, copper, zinc and iron, but these are usually of little consequence. Vanadium, if present, is often distilled from the feed stock of catalytic cracking processes, since it may spoil catalysis. The treatment of emulsion sludges by bio-treatment may lead to the concentration of metals and radioactive material, causing subsequent disposal problems. 

The metal lost from the inside of pumps, reaction vessels, pipework, etc. usually contaminates the product. The implications of this depend upon the product. Ppb levels of iron can discolor white plastics, though at this level the effect is purely cosmetic. Ppm levels of iron and other metals affect the taste of beer. Products sold to compositional requirements (such as reagent-grade acids) can be spoiled by metal pick-up. Pharmaceutical products for human use are often white tablets or powders and are easily discolored by slight contamination by corrosion products. 

The quality of an ideally prepared coffee beverage can still be reduced or even spoiled if the water quality affects the coffee. Hardness is one of the main problems in the U.S. because it is usually associated with alkalinity. The acidity, which is a substantial part of the flavor character of coffee, is partly neutralized by hard water. Ion-exchange softened water is even worse, since the excess sodium ions present form soaps with the fatly acids in the roasted coffee. Demineralization of the water is the most effective way to obtain water for the preparation of a clean-flavored cup of coffee in hard-water areas. Oxygen in the water is easily removed by boiling. Chlorine in the water can spoil the flavor of a good coffee, as can organic matter and metal ions, such as iron and copper. 

Metals have characteristics that make them desirable for construction, implements, and ornamental uses such as in jewelry. Metals have been so important that the names Chalcolithic, Bronze, and Iron Age have been applied to epochs of history. Metals have an enduring quality. They are solid, durable, and attractive. The first draft of this passage is being written with a pen made of sterling silver (an alloy consisting of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper). The lure of metals has drawn adventurers to remote places, and they have been the spoils of war. Their intrinsic value is exemplified by the ornaments we wear and the role of metals in monetary systems. 

Karathanasis AD, Thompson YL, Evangelou VP. 1990. Temporal solubility trends of aluminum and iron leached from coal spoils and contaminated soil materials. J Environ Qual 19 389-395. 

Another difficulty with large plates, especially those on thin paper, is that they are frequently folded in the wrong places, with the result that they become crumpled. Not only does this spoil the plate, but the extra bulk can damage the binding, so it is important that the paper be flattened and reset in its correct folds. This can be done with a hot iron, but there is a danger that the inexperienced will scorch the paper. In any case, moisture and pressure are more effective. 

Simulated weathering involves leaching overburden or spoil in laboratory-sc ale experiments with the idea that results are applicable to the field. The effluent is collected and analyzed for pH, acidity, sulfate, iron and so on. The results from these analyses are used to evaluate acid drainage formation potential (Caruccio and Geidel, 1981 ... 

Evangelou, V. P., J. H. Grove, and F. D. Rawlings. 1985. Rates of iron sulfide oxidation in coal spoil suspension. J. Environ. Qual. 14 91-94. 

Karathanasis, A. D., Y. L. Thompson, and V. P. Evangelou. 1991. Kinetics of aluminum and iron released from acid mine-drainage contaminated soil and spoil materials. J. Environ. Qual. 19 389-395. 

The sulfuric acid formed by oxidation of sulfides may react with iron, manganese, and aluminum that are naturally present in most spoils. These comparatively soluble sulfates are readily assimilated by plants, and marked toxicity or death may result. This type of toxicity is often more harmful than acidity as such. 

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