Splitting of lines

A reasonable interpretation can be given to the curve of Fig. 2, with its two discontinuities in slope namely, that there exist ordered phases PbTls and PbTl,. Direct evidence from the intensities of X-ray reflections is not obtained for ordering in this case, because of the approximate equality in / values of lead and thallium. We can, however, discuss the probable structures of the ordered phases. The powder patterns given by these alloys show no splitting of lines. We estimate that the... 

Aimr coupling constant, measure of the splitting of lines in NMR measurements ... 

Pochan, Baldwin and Flygare have analyzed the microwave spectra of cyclopropanone and the isotopic isomers 13Ci, 13C2, and 2,2-dideutero-cyclopropanone.63) The rotational transitions were determined by studying the Stark effect (the shifts and splittings of lines produced by an electric field). The type of transition observed for cyclopropanone was consistent with C v symmetry and the sum of the moments of inertia (/a + /b — Ic) suggested that all four protons are out-of-plane. These data eliminate such structural alternatives as the dipolar oxyallyl tautomer 82 and allene oxide 83. The electric dipole moment (fi ) was calculated to be 2.67 0.10 D, which corresponds to an average of those of acetone (2.93 D) 65> and formaldehyde (2.34D).6 )... 

In atomic spectroscopy the term values depend primarily on electronic quantum numbers and the process of analysis consists of reducing a number of measurements to a term scheme. The confidence in an analysis increases as the system becomes more overdetermined, and the process becomes more definite as the accuracy of the measurements improves. Other information is also used to facilitate the assignments of the lines, e.g., relative intensities, the observation of certain lines in absorption, the splittings of lines by magnetic fields theoretical calculations of terms and multiplet splittings may sometimes be helpful. 

In the p3/2 Ga spectrum of Fig. 7.3, an anomalous broadening of line 2(Ga) is observed, together with a rather sharp, but weak X feature near from the energy of the O(r) phonon in silicon. This feature is attributed to a splitting of line 2 due to the interaction with the O(r) phonon. This resonant interaction has been further studied under uniaxial stress by Chandrasekhar et al. [34]. The X feature is seen to be split by stress and its relative sharpness at zero stress is attributed to its interaction with phonons close to the q = 0 T point while line 2 interacts with a larger phonon distribution. 

The low-field splitting of line D is similar for both acceptors and it increases monotonously with the field. Eight of the ten possible transitions are observed. It contrasts with the apparently erratic splitting of B(At) where the 12 components allowed for both polarizations are, however observed, and a similar result is obtained for B(B) [44]. The calculations of [22] and [128] can reproduce the splitting observed. For higher values of the magnetic field, the apparently simple Zeeman splitting of D(Al) can become more intricate, as seen in Fig. 8.35. 

The results show that for cases consistent with the Raman spectral response for cells 48 hr after infection in Webb s experiments, there is a maximum energy transfer J (line intensity) rf(l/A) to the cell membrane at approximately 45, 90, 140, and 180 cm This does not appear to be so for the normal cell, where lower levels of energy transfer seem associated with normal behavior. The dielectric structure of layers calculated for normal cells does not affect the shape or frequency of the Raman lines observed for the normal cell. (The dielectric layer model used cannot account for the splitting of lines seen in the spectra of tumor cells.Such splitting is of great importance in terms of the possible degeneracy in the oscillatory modes of molecules—perhaps from breaks in the fibronectin layer.)... 

Stark effect The splitting of lines in the spectra of atoms due to the presence of a strong electric field. It is named after the German physicist Johannes Stark (1874-1957), who discovered it in 1913. Like the normal Zeeman effect, the Stark effect can be understood in terms of the classical electron theory of Lorentz. The Stark effect for hydrogen atoms was also described by the Bohr theory of the atom. In terms of quantum mechanics, the Stark effect is described by regarding the electric field as a perturbation on the quantum states and energy levels of an atom in the absence of an electric field. This application of perturbation theory was its first use in quantum mechanics. 

Ultrafme pure BaTi03 powders were obtained by a modified oxalate precipitation method as described previously [13], The powders had a specific surface area of 57 m g and the particle size was nearly spherical from 20 to 30 nm. The main impurities contained in the powders were at the following levels 0.04 wt% Sr, 0.02 wt% Na, and 0.006 wt% K. The Ba/Ti atomic ratio was 1 0.003 for all the powders. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of nanocrystalline powders apparently correspond to a pseudo-cubic structure without peak splitting of lines such as (002) and (200). We also used Raman spectra to detect local symmetry of the nanocrystalline powder samples. It showed that the local symmetry in the nanopowder appears to be a cubic structure even at a very low temperature of 123 K. Therefore, XRD patterns and Raman spectra revealed that the BaTiOs powder exhibited the commonly reported pseudocubic perovskite structure. 

We have seen how radicals can easily be detected. How can we find out what they are Interactions between electron and nuclear spin magnetic moments lead to the appearance of hyperfine structure, splitting of lines, in EPR spectra, and this can provide much information about the species involved. It is often necessary to use dilute solutions to resolve these couplings. They arise in two distinct ways. The first of these is by direct dipole-dipole interaction, which depends on the angle between the vector joining the two dipoles and the... 

B. Friedrich and D. R. Herschbach recognized that molecular axis orientation would exhibit characteristic spectra. They used laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to measure Stark shifts (splitting of lines by an electric field) in ICl, showing that this technique can be used to orient the ICl molecule, in spite of the fact that it is a nonsymmetric top molecule. 

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