Spinorbital

Slater showed that spinorbitals, arrayed as a determinant, change sign on election exchange so as to obey the Pauli principle. If we wi ite a linear combination of two spinorbitals as a determinant where we assume the space parts are the same but the spin parts are not the same... 

These equations are legitimate spinorbitals, but neither is acceptable because they both imply that we can somehow label elections, ot for one and p for the other. This violates the principle of indistinguishability, but there is an easy way out of the problem we simply write the orbitals as linear combinations... 

The top row of the Slater determinant shows no preferenee for any spinorbital [Pg.269]

In the notation of Eq. (9-29), 4 i(ri) = 1 If the U orbitals are normalized, then the spinorbitals 1 ja(l), etc. are normalized because a and P are normalized. If we take just the expanded determinant for two electrons without 1 / V2, the normalization constant, and (omitting complex conjugate notation for the moment) integrate over all space... 

So far there have not been any restrictions on the MOs used to build the determinantal trial wave function. The Slater determinant has been written in terms of spinorbitals, eq. (3.20), being products of a spatial orbital times a spin function (a or /3). If there are no restrictions on the form of the spatial orbitals, the trial function is an Unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) wave function. The term Different Orbitals for Different Spins (DODS) is also sometimes used. If the interest is in systems with an even number of electrons and a singlet type of wave function (a closed shell system), the restriction that each spatial orbital should have two electrons, one with a and one with /3 spin, is normally made. Such wave functions are known as Restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF). Open-shell systems may also be described by restricted type wave functions, where the spatial part of the doubly occupied orbitals is forced to be the same this is known as Restricted Open-shell Hartree-Fock (ROHF). For open-shell species a UHF treatment leads to well-defined orbital energies, which may be interpreted as ionization potentials. Section 3.4. For an ROHF wave function it is not possible to chose a unitary transformation which makes the matrix of Lagrange multipliers in eq. (3.40) diagonal, and orbital energies from an ROHF wave function are consequently not uniquely defined, and cannot be equated to ionization potentials by a Koopman type argument. 

How are the additional determinants beyond the HF constructed With N electrons and M basis functions, solution of the Roothaan-Hall equations for the RHF case will yield N/2 occupied MOs and M — N/2 unoccupied (virtual) MOs. Except for a minimum basis, there will always be more virtual than occupied MOs. A Slater detemfinant is determined by N/2 spatial MOs multiplied by two spin functions to yield N spinorbitals. By replacing MOs which are occupied in the HF determinant by MOs which are unoccupied, a whole series of determinants may be generated. These can be denoted according to how many occupied HF MOs have been replaced by unoccupied MOs, i.e. Slater determinants which are singly, doubly, triply, quadruply etc. excited relative to the HF determinant, up to a maximum of N excited electrons. These... 

What is a typical size of the CI matrix Consider a small system, H2O with a 6-31G(d) basis. For the purpose of illustration, let us for a moment return to the spinorbital description. There are 10 electrons and 38 spin-MOs, of which 10 are occupied and 28 are empty. There are possible ways of selecting n electrons out of the 10 occupied orbitals, and K2s,n ways of distributing them in the 28 empty orbitals. The number of excited states for a given excitation level is thus Kiq. K2s,n, and the total number of... 

Among the many ways to go beyond the usual Restricted Hartree-Fock model in order to introduce some electronic correlation effects into the ground state of an electronic system, the Half-Projected Hartree-Fock scheme, (HPHF) proposed by Smeyers [1,2], has the merit of preserving a conceptual simplicity together with a relatively straigthforward determination. The wave-function is written as a DODS Slater determinant projected on the spin space with S quantum number even or odd. As a result, it takes the form of two DODS Slater determinants, in which all the spin functions are interchanged. The spinorbitals have complete flexibility, and should be determined from applying the variational principle to the projected determinant. 

The HPHF wavefunction for an 2n electron system, in a gronnd state of S qnantum number, even or odd, is written as a linear combination of only two DODS Slater determinants, built up with spinorbitals which minimize the total energy [1-2] ... 

Since Doo and are constructed with the same set of orthonormal spinorbitals, the two first matrix elements can easily rewritten, according to the Slater s rules [13], as ... 

The calculation of the cross matrix elements (6) is somewhat more difficult, because the Slater Determinants involved in them are constructed with two sets of non-orthonormal spinorbitals. This calculation, however, may be greatly simplified, if the two sets are assumed to be corresponding, that is, if they fulfill the following condition [14] ... 

The Hartree-Fock description of the hydrogen molecule requires two spinorbitals, which are used to build the single-determinant two-electron wave function. In the Restricted Hartree-Fock method (RHF) these two spinorbitals are created from the same spatial... 

As it is shown in section 4.2, using NSS terminology, the general expression for any determinant can be obtained. In this manner, this formulation can be transferred into the Slater determinants [9], constructed by n spinorbitals associated to n electrons. Adopting the following structure and notation for unnormalized Slater determinants ... 

The term D(j) can be taken as a Slater determinant, formed by n functions chosen from a set of in available spinorbitals, and ordered following the actual internal values of the j index vectors. That is ... 

The right hand part of the last equality (16), may be substituted in equation (15) and the resulting formula transferred into the expression (14). The final result indicates fairly well one can have at least r differences between the spinorbitals involved in constructing both determinants in order that the integral becomes not automatically... 

The same expression can be used with the appropriate restrictions to obtain matrix elements over Slater determinants made from non-orthogonal one-electron functions. The logical Kronecker delta expression, appearing in equation (15) as defined in (16)] must he substituted by a product of overlap integrals between the involved spinorbitals. 

Also, an alternative formulation of equation (17) can be conceived if one wants to distinguish between ground state, monoexcitations, biexcitations,. .. and so on. Such a possibility is symbolized in the following Cl wavefunction expression for n electrons, constructed as to include Slater determinants up to the p-th (pp) unoccupied ones l9klk=i,ni Then, the Cl wavefunction is written in this case as the linear combination ... 

Generalization of this one determinant function to linear combinations of Slater determinants, defined for example as these discussed in the previous section 5.2, is also straightforward. The interesting final result concerning m-th order density functions, constructed using Slater determinants as basis sets, appears when obtaining the general structure, which can be attached to these functions, once spinorbitals are described by means of the LCAO approach. 

Finally the density function of (n-m)-th order can be expressed in terms of the atomic spinorbitals as ... 

Diagonal matrix elements of the P3 self-energy approximation may be expressed in terms of canonical Hartree-Fock orbital energies and electron repulsion integrals in this basis. For ionization energies, where the index p pertains to an occupied spinorbital in the Hartree-Fock determinant,... 

Errors remain relatively constant for groups III through V, with a sharp increase at group VI. Removal of electrons from (3 spinorbitals in unrestricted Hartree-Fock reference states is relatively poorly described. Absolute errors for the noble gas elements are significantly lower than... 

Wia is the Slater determinant in which the i occupied spinorbital is replaced by the a unoccupied one. Setting this ansatz in the Schrodinger equation, one obtains a set of linear equations... 

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