Spectroscopic elemental analysis flame atomic absorption

Column 2 of Table 28-4 shows detection limits for a number of common elements determined by flame atomic absorption and compares them with those obtained with other atomic spectroscopic methods. Under usual conditions, the relative error of flame absorption analysis is on the order of 1 % to 2%. With special precautions, this figure can be lowered to a few tenths of 1%. Note that flame AA detection limits are generally better than flame AE detection limits except for the easily excited alkali metals. 

Analytical methods of atomic spectroscopy have been used in forestry and wood product research since their earliest development. Nowadays, almost all of the spectroscopic techniques available are employed in the analysis of metals and trace elements in diverse samples of industrial and environmental origin. The techniques that find most regular application include flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and, occasionally, also direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (DCP-AES). In many applications F-AAS is a sufficiently sensitive and precise technique however, in the analysis of some environmental samples for trace elements (forest soils, plant material and water) where concentrations may be very low (of the order of 100 ng mL" ) the greater sensitivity of GF-AAS and ICP/DCP-AES is required. In considering the applications of atomic spectroscopy to forestry and... 

The element may be analyzed in aqueous acidified phase by flame and furnace atomic absorption, ICP emission and ICP-MS spectroscopic methods. Also, at trace concentrations the element may be measured by x-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis. Wavelength for AA measurement is 240.7 nm and for ICP analysis is 228.62 nm. 

Various spectroscopic techniques such as flame photometry, emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, flu-orimetry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and isotope dilution mass spectrometry have been used for marine analysis of elemental and inorganic components [2]. Polarography, anodic stripping voltammetry and other electrochemical techniques are also useful for the determination of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, etc. in seawater. Electrochemical techniques sometimes provide information on the chemical species in solution. 

As well as the atomic spectroscopic methods of flame photometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy microwave emission spectroscopic detection (MED) is being used more and more. MED combines high sensitivity in the picogram range with high selectivity for elemental analysis. It is as suitable for inorganic and organic compounds... 

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and flame emission spectroscopy (FES), also called flame photometry, are two analytical measurement methods relying on the spectroscopic processes of excitation and emission. Methods of quantitative analysis only, they are used to measure of around seventy elements (metal or non-metal). Many models of these instruments allow measurements to be conducted by these two techniques although their functioning principles are different. There exists a broad range of applications, as concentrations to the gtg/L (ppb) level can be accessed for certain elements. 

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