Spectinomycin producers

Walker, J.B., 1995, Enzymatic synthesis of aminocyclitol moieties of aminoglycoside antibiotics from inositol by Streptomyces spp. Detection of glutamine-aminocyclitol aminotransferase and diaminocyclitol aminotransferase activities in a spectinomycin producer. J. Bacteriol. 177 818-822. 

Spectinomycin produces few significant untoward effects. Local pain, urticaria, chills, fever, dizziness, nausea, and insomnia have been noted. 

Walker J B (2002). Enzymatic synthesis of aminoglycoside antibiotics novel adeno-sylmethionine 2-deoxystreptamine N-methyltransterase activities in hygromycin B-and spectinomycin-producing Streptomyces spp. and uses of the methylated products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 2404-2410. 

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is indicated for use via the oral and intramuscular or subcutaneous routes in the treatment of a variety of enteric, respiratory, and other infections of cattle, sheep, swine and poultry. Recommended dosages are 7.5-12.5 mg/kg bw for intramuscular injections and 1-5 mg/bird for subcutaneous injections in poultry. Spectinomycin is frequently combined with lincomycin and administered either intramuscularly at 15 mg/kg bw to calves, sheep, and swine (15), and at... 

Lincomydn is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis. It is used in monopreparations or in combination with other antibiotics such as spectinomycin, sulfamethazine, and gentamicin, for the initial treatment of mild to moderate staphylococcal infections in a variety of animal species. It can be administered orally to poultry at dosages equivalent to up to 50 mg/kg hw/day for up to 7 days, and to swine at dosages equivalent to up to 10 mg/kg bw/day for up to 21 days. In calves, sheep, goats, and swine, it can be administered intramuscularly at dosages of up to 15 mg/kg bw/day for up to 4-7 days. It is also added in feeds for growth-promoting purposes. 

Penicillinase-producing strains are treated with spectinomycin, ceftriaxone or cotrimoxazole. 

Boslego JW, Tramont EC, Takafuji ET, Diniega BM, Mitchell BS, Small JW, Khan WN, Stein DC. Effect of spectinomycin use on the prevalence of spectinomycin-resistant and of penicUhnase-producing Neisseria gonor-rhoeae. N Engl J Med 1987 317(5) 272-8. 

The spectinomycins (O Fig. 20) have a fused three-ring system which consists of a 4,5-disub-stituted actinamine and an ulose. Spectinomycin is produced by Streptomyces spectabilis and Streptomyces flavopersius. It has been clinically used for treatment of the gonorrhea infection. A related structure has been discovered with spenolimycin which was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces gilvospiralis. Efforts have been directed toward semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics to treat multi-drug resistant bacteria [94]. 

Spectinomycin continued to be effective in the treatment of resistant strains of N. gonorrheaesi including the new g-lactamase producing strains.52 In cell-free systems, it inhibited peptide chain initiation.53 It had a very low sensitization rate in guinea pigs.5 t The biosynthesis of spectinomycin from (6-13C)glucose was reported.55... 

Lewis acid catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of chiral dienes to carbonyl dienophiles is still an unexplored area. Such an approach has been applied to the synthesis of spectinomycin analogs. Cycloadditions of the two dienes 1 and 5 have been investigated. The reaction of diene 1 with acetaldehyde in the presence of Eu(fod)3 proceeds with 60% yield and gives a 5.7 1 ratio of adducts 3 and 4 d.r. [(2/ , 65 )/(2/ , 6/ )] 85 15. Under the same conditions, diene 5 produces adduct 6 as a single product with 50% yield55. 

The generation of these ribonucleotide adducts are believed to be the result of GI Tract microfloral activity and not enzymatic/metabolic transformations in the cow itself. Such adducts have been well documented as products of antibiotic inactivation produced by various strains of Streptomyces and Staphylococci for a variety of substances such as the lincosaminides (8-11), spectinomycin (12) and streptomycin (13). Furthermore, we have been able to generate pirlimycin 3-(5 -adenylate) by simply incubating pirlimycin with fresh cow manure from untreated cows, although the organisms involved have not been characterized. 

Spectinomycin (2 g IM into the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus) is indicated in the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis and proctitis in the male and acute gonorrheal cervicitis and proctitis in the female due to susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The injection may be painful. A single injection of 2 g produces an average peak serum concentration of 160 mcg/ml at 2 hours. 

Several combination products containing lincomycin are approved for use in food-producing species. A lincomycin-spectinomycin product administered in drinking water is used for the treatment and control of respiratory... 

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