Speaker-dependent

Automatic speech recognition (ASR), in which the individual uses sounds, letters, or words as a selection method, is another alternative to keyboard input. In most such systems, the speech recognition is speaker-dependent, and the user trains the system to recognize his or her voice by producing several samples of the same element (Comerford et al., 1997). ASR system use is increasing in the mainstream commercial market for use on the Internet, dictation, general telephone use, and most other computer activities. Persons with disabilities will be the beneficiaries of this expanded use of ASR systems. These systems all use continuous ASR techniques in which the user can speak in almost normal patterns with slight pauses between words. 

Furui, Sadaoki. (1991 December). Speaker Dependent Feature Extraction, Recognition and Processing Techniques. Pages 505-520 of Speech Communication. 

Marc Van Regenmortel. Yes, I would agree with one of the earlier speakers who put the emphasis on analysis. As I mentioned, analysis is a matter of dissection and in that sense you have to be reductionist. You can t dissect without being a reductionist but the only thing you are achieving is a description of the constituent parts. Whether you like the word level does not matter. Physiology will never be transformed into biochemistry. The same phenomenon can of course be described at different levels, or you could say in terms of different contexts, but whether the description is relevant depends on the question you ask or the problem you want to solve. 

C. J. Carman I guess it could be, but again I m not certain because there will be a distribution of chemical shifts which perhaps contributes to the line widths as well. In addition to the latter, other factors can contribute to line broadening. As was indicated by other speakers before me, conformational effects do play a role in polymer spectra, I m convinced of it. I m not certain of how to extract it but I m convinced it is there. In the center of the EPDM spectrum is the bulk of the structure which arises from the long runs of methylene carbons. There are several peaks which are very temperature dependent and very solution dependent. I am not sure how much of the line width is really due to molecular motion as opposed to distribution of chemical shifts. The shifts may differ from those found for the polymer when it is in solution. This is why I am a little hesitant to assign the broadening to crystallinity effects. 

It s all educational. Sure, Merck would treat doctors to nice hotels and dinners, but it always included credentialed speakers and solid scientific information, this argument goes. The scientific value of the meetings had to have preeminence, insists Boyd Clarke. (The former executive who spent more than 15 years at Merck notes that I avoided islands as venues.) And it s true—depending on how education is defined. Almost every event includes some shop talk, even if it s just a few minutes listening to the rep push his or her new product between periods at a hockey game. 

A fact is an accepted truth whose verification is not affected by its source. No matter who presents it, a fact remains true. We accept some statements as facts because we can test them personally (fire is hot) or because they have been verified frequently by others (penguins live in Antarctica). We accept as fact, for example, that Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were murdered in Los Angeles in 1994. However, the identity of the assassin remains, for some people, a matter of opinion. That is, depending on the speaker, the killer(s) could be an ex-husband, a burglar, a drug dealer, a member of organized crime, or someone else. As you think about your evidence, be careful that you don t present your opinions as facts accepted by everyone. Opinions are debatable, and therefore you must always support them before your readers will be convinced. 

As other speakers at this symposium have described, the use of fuel gas produced by biomass or solid waste gasifiers can reduce the use of petroleum fuels in stationary combustion equipment (oil-fired boilers, diesel engines for electric generators or irrigation pumps). Stationary engines and furnaces, however, are not the only big users of petroleum fuels in lesser developed countries (or LDCs, the term we will employ to describe the 88 poorest nations in the world). As is the case for industrialized nations, lesser developed countries need liquid transportation fuels, and probably will for a long time. Brookhaven reports that most LDCs have increased their dependence on highway transport over the last two decades (lb). 

Denotations of human language expressions in specific contexts may depend on reference acts. A linguistic reference act is an event consisting of at least the following components a language expression, an object (real or abstract) referred to, which is called the referent of the expression, and an utterance situation (or a broader discourse). The utterance situation consists of subcomponents such as the speaker, the speaker s reference act, the space-time location of the utterance, and the listener(s). 

Potentially, an utterance, the speaker s references in it, which are expressed by restricted parameters like 2 , and a broader context can provide a specific object referred to by an expression a, as an instantiation of the restricted parameter 2 . The instantiated object has to satisfy the restriction Tq. The restricted parameter 2 can get linked to a specific referent depending on the specific utterance context and the speaker agent. That specific referent, subjected to satisfaction of the constraint r, can fill up relation arguments in facts described by a larger expression, in which the name a. occurs, e.g., as in (49). The restriction Tq, while a direct component of the restricted parameter 2 itself, provides extra , i.e., auxiliary , semantic information, which is linked to the direct semantic content of the larger expression. 

Speakers change their prosody depending on the discourse context and so it is difficult to associate one prosody with a particular sentence. 

The allophonic possibilities for a phoneme can depend on its position in relation to other phonemes. For example, the [n] in (nit, /n ih t/ needs to sound different from the [m] in (mit, /m ih t/, but the [n] in hand, /h ae n d/ does not need to contrast with [m] as there is no word /h ae m d/ that it could be confused with. It does need to be distinct from say [r], [sh] and [v] otherwise it could be confused with hard, hashed and halved. This shows that the [n] needs to still be a nasal in that it still needs to be identified with respect to some other consonants it doesn t need to be identified with respect to other nasals and so its distinctiveness with respect to [m] and [ng] need not be so precise as in other positions. As there are constraints on what phoneme sequences occur only distinctions between possible phonemes at a given point need to be maintained. The variability mainly arises from the fact that it is physically easier for a speaker to produce a given phoneme one way in one position and a slightly different way in a different position. 

We And that the degree of clarity or distinctiveness between phonemes in speech therefore varies depending on the conversational context. In situations where the listener has a strong idea of what will be said next, we find that speakers tend to be less distinct as the chance of confusion is low. Hence we find that speech in conversations between friends and family can exhibit quite indistinct acoustic patterns. Conversely, we see that in situations where the listeners caimot easily guess what will be said next, we find the level of distinctiveness increases. Lectures or news broadcasts are good examples of this type of speech. 

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