Countries lesser-developed

Applications. Because of its high lime content, the use of hemibasic calcium hypochlorite ia geaeral sanitatioa is limited. It is used primarily ia Japan and lesser developed countries as an alternative to bleaching powder. 

Often the decision to select a batch or continuous processing mode involves a determination of the relative contributions of capital and operating expenses to total process costs for the proposed level of capacity. As Denbigh (1) points out, what is best for a highly industrialized country with high labor costs is not necessarily best for a lesser developed country. In many cases selectivity considerations determine the processing mode, particularly when the reaction under study is accompanied by undesirable side reactions. The yield of the desired product may differ considerably between batch and continuous operation and between the two primary types of continuous processes. When the yield is lower for a continuous process, this factor may be so important in the... 

As other speakers at this symposium have described, the use of fuel gas produced by biomass or solid waste gasifiers can reduce the use of petroleum fuels in stationary combustion equipment (oil-fired boilers, diesel engines for electric generators or irrigation pumps). Stationary engines and furnaces, however, are not the only big users of petroleum fuels in lesser developed countries (or LDCs, the term we will employ to describe the 88 poorest nations in the world). As is the case for industrialized nations, lesser developed countries need liquid transportation fuels, and probably will for a long time. Brookhaven reports that most LDCs have increased their dependence on highway transport over the last two decades (lb). 

TABLE III LESSER-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES WITH SUCROSE... 

In recent years, however, for reasons such as the great increase in the manufacturing pace and the technological capacity of such prewar producers as Britain, Germany, Italy, and Japan, we have been losing markets not only in these countries, but also in lesser developed areas, as well as within our own... 

Tucson AZ. She developed new graduate-level eourses in hydraulie engineering, and authored the widely-accepted 1984 book, beeause it draws attention to problems of lesser developed countries. In 1996 she eompleted a monograph on Inland navigation and canalization for the Chinese Inti. Researeh and Training Center of Erosion and Sedimentation. She lectured in South Africa, China and Morocco. Petersen was an active member of the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE, elected in 1991 Honorary Member, and received the 2001 Himter Rouse Hydraulic Engineering Award. 

The problem for environmental management institutions and industrial establishments in developing countries (and in developed countries as well, but to a lesser extent) is that they are not aware of the potential of preventive measures, such as the reduction of excess process inputs and the utilization of nonproduct outputs to meet environmental norms. In some cases, these countries... 

The last few decades have witnessed the spread of new viruses, most notably HIV/AIDS and, to a much lesser extent, SAKS. The prospect of a bird flu pandemic looms on the horizon. In the event of a pandemic, developed countries may possess only sufficient capacity to produce vaccines for domestic use. To ensure an adequate domestic supply, governments may restrict exports ofvaccines by private manufacturers. Restrictions on export of vaccines would in turn create shortages in other countries, particularly those without ample domestic vaccine capacity. This threat, in spite of the empirical evidence indicating that private enterprises are relatively efficient on average (Lichtenberg, Chapter 7), may justify sponsoring public enterprises for vaccine manufacturing in countries with small domestic markets. 

The increasing use of the precautionary principle is stifling development in Europe and to a lesser, but increasing, extent in America and around the world.29 In rich countries, the precautionary principle costs money, and because of its inflexible application, it is unlikely to provide benefits. In poorer countries, it is likely to be harmful, sometimes causing catastrophic effects on human health. Concerns about chlorination and the push for a DDT ban are the most obvious examples of this phenomenon. 

The interpretation of the intensities of lines observed in astrophysical sources requires a wide variety of reliable atomic and, to a lesser extent, molecular data [1]. Also, the steady development of high temperature plasmas, in relation to the fusion programmes ongoing in several countries, has given rise to a considerable interest in the spectroscopy ofheavy and/or highly ionised atoms [2], The spectacular advance of some experimental techniques has not diminished the need for reliable theoretical data. In the production of spectroscopic quantities such as oscillator strengths to fulfill the present demands of both the astrophysics and plasma physics communities, several authors [3-5] have emphasised the need for both experimentalists and theoreticians to self-assess the data they supply. 

Facilities located at a considerable depth below the ground surface, such as mined cavities, are used in some countries (e.g., Germany) for disposal of hazardous chemical wastes, as well as low-level radioactive waste. However, the selection of a deep disposal system often is based on general land-use policies that prohibit disposal of hazardous wastes on or near the land surface, as well as a desire to protect public health and the environment, and no distinction is made between wastes that pose a lesser or greater hazard in selecting such disposal systems and in developing site-specific waste acceptance criteria. 

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