Spacing from flares

RADIATION AND SPACING FROM FLARES AND IGNITED VENTS... 

Routing of Flare Header through Process Areas - Flare headers in process areas should be routed to avoid locations of particularly high fire risk, such as over pumps, near furnaces, etc. The headers and subheaders should also be laid out and provided with isolating CSO valves and spectacle blinds, unless prohibited by local codes, such that it is not necessary for flare lines to remain in service in units which are shut down separately. Blowdown and water disengaging drums should be spaced from process areas. 

Lx)cate the blowdown drum (when the non-condensible type is used) at a minimum permissible spacing from the flare, to minimize condensation in the flare header. 

In outer space, remote from the shielding influence of the earth s magnetic field, the absorbed dose index rate from solar protons emitted during solar flares can be very high. For example, it has been estimated that the absorbed dose indices in outer space from the solar proton event of 10 July 1959 were from protons 3.6, 1.7, and 0.4 Gy behind shielding of 1, 2 and 5 g cm, respectively, and from alpha particles the corresponding values were 1.5,0.3 and 0.05 Gy, respectively (Curtis, 1974). However, the Apollo missions did not experience any measmable solar particle events (English et al., 1975). 

The ideal solution is to locate the flare in a perpendicular location to the prevailing wind (i.e., crosswind) with adequate spacing from the facility. This should preferably also be at a lower elevation than the rest of the facility. This is in case of release of heavy vapors that have not been adequately combusted in the flare exhaust. Because of the larger spacing requirements for flares (i.e., distance to avoid heat radiation effects and vapor dispersion requirements), they should be one of the first items sited for the design of a new facility. 

Clearance from the elevated overcapacity flare must comply with radiant heat spacing requirements for elevated flares, considering persoimel exposure when maintenance work is being performed on the multijet flare and the... 

Equipment Selection Criteria and Guidelines A number of factors should be considered to determine when to select which type ofvapor/gas/solid-liquid separator (blowdown drum or cyclone separator) to handle a multiphase stream from a relief device, and which final control or destruction equipment (emergency flare, emergency scrubber, or quench pool/catch tank) should be selected. These factors include the plot plan space available, the operating limitations of each type, and the physicochemical properties of the stream. 

When travelling into space, astronauts are subjected to primary cosmic ray particles, the radiation from solar flares, and also the intense radiation present in the two radiation belts. Savun et al. (1973) have reported measurements in the radiation belts in 1971. Measurements inside a 0.7 g cm" shield indicate that the maximum absorbed dose rate crossing the inner belt was 0.22 Gy h and crossing the outer belt 0.054 Gy h" . 

Solid icy surfaces are observed both in the interstellar medium as mantles on silicatic or carbonaceous grains and on many objects in the Solar System." In space, these icy targets are continuously bombarded by energetic ions from solar wind and flares, planetary magnetospheres, stellar winds and galactic cosmic rays. When an energetic ion collides with an icy target produces physico-chemical modifications in the latter. The study of those effects is based on laboratory ion irradiation experiments carried out under physical conditions as close as possible to the astrophysical ones. 

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