Solar particles

Figure 1 schematically shows the modulation effects on galactic and solar particles and their interactions. 

F. R. Wimmer-Schweingruber, O. Kern, and C. D. Hamilton. On the Solar Wind Composition During the November 1997 Solar Particle Events WIND/MASS Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, no. 23 (1999) 3541-3544. 

Ulwick, J. C. Proc. OOSPARsymp. oh solar particle event of November, 1969. Ulwick,... 

In outer space, remote from the shielding influence of the earth s magnetic field, the absorbed dose index rate from solar protons emitted during solar flares can be very high. For example, it has been estimated that the absorbed dose indices in outer space from the solar proton event of 10 July 1959 were from protons 3.6, 1.7, and 0.4 Gy behind shielding of 1, 2 and 5 g cm, respectively, and from alpha particles the corresponding values were 1.5,0.3 and 0.05 Gy, respectively (Curtis, 1974). However, the Apollo missions did not experience any measmable solar particle events (English et al., 1975). 

Fast secondary electrons produced by cosmic and solar particles can dissociate or dissociatively ionize the nitrogen molecule ... 

The incoming streams of solar protons and electrons are oriented by Earth s magnetic field so that most auroral displays occur in doughnut-shaped zones about 2000 km in diameter centered on the North and South Poles. Aurora borealis is the name given to this phenomenon in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is called aurora australis. Sometimes, the number of solar particles is so immense that auroras are also visible from other locations on Earth. 

In the onter regions of the atmosphere the bombardment of molecules and atoms by solar particles gives rise to anroras. The glow on space shuttles is caused by excitation of molecnles adsorbed on the shuttles surface. 

High-energy solar particles create excited N and O atoms visible light results as electrons in these atoms fall from upper-level states to lower-level states... 

Solar wind Solar particles consisting mainly of protons and electrons that flow out from the sun with a supersonic speed, reaching the outer fringe of the solar system. 

Z. Svestka and P. Simon (eds.). Catalog of Solar Particle Events 1955—1969. Prepared under the Auspices of Working Group 2 of the Inter-Union Commission on Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 1975, IX+ 428 pp. 

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