South African Ratio

The author (Ron McKinnon), in Safety Management magazine (September 1992), elaborated  

A ratio such as this is truly invaluable, since it makes prediction possible. As soon as too many near miss incidents are reported in a specific area, it is a clear sign to the management and safety staff that a more serious accident is about to occur and they can take preventive action (p. 12). 

South Africa s National Occupational Safety Association (NOSA) decided that statistics, which will enable it to construct a ratio, would be of great value to industry  

We want to determine whether there is a unique ratio in this country (South Africa) or whether Bird s Ratio of 1 10 30 600 was accurate (p. 12). 

Often the only difference between a near miss incident and a serious accident is generally just a matter of luck. Take, for example, a brick falling off a platform and narrowly missing the head of a passerby. The accident sequence occurred the minute the brick started to fall. The fact that it missed the passerby was not due to any safety intervention, but was purely fortuitous. While this is recorded as a near miss incident, the implications are very serious. 

---

There is also intercorrelation between the volatile matter and the H/C atomic ratio for the South African coals studied. 

These ecosystems are in South-African and Saharan geographical regions. In spite of very intensive type of biogeochemical cycling (Cb values are equal to 0.2-0.3), very low P PE ratio and salt accumulation in upper soil layers present a barrier in migration of chemical species. 

The data on South African marijuana grown in England show that while the top leaves always have a higher content than the bottom or middle ones, the ratios vary considerably. The top leaves can have between two to ten times more THC than the bottom leaves on the same plant. The ratios of top, middle and bottom for three plants were 8, 4, 1 1.7, 1.4, l and 3, 2, 1. A general principle that helps to make sense of all the data on cannabinoid content is that as the cannabinoid concentration increases, the differences become more pronounced. For... 

This procedure, originally described by Beer in South African Patent 680,834, consists of an initial treatment of the substrate (Grade 1 or 2 titanium) in hot aqueous oxalic acid, followed by ultrasonic cleaning in water. After the electrode is dried, it is coated with a butyl alcohol solution, containing about 0.5 M HCl and Ru as RuCla and Ti as butyl titanate. The ratio of Ru Ti in the solution is the same as the value desired in the coating. It is then heated in air at a temperature of 300-500°C for 1-5 min to form a coating of TiOi + Ru02 on the titanium substrate. 

Niehaus, C. J. 1937. Sugar-alcohol ratio in South African musts and wines. Sci. BtUl. Dept. Agr. S. Africa 161, 1-11. 

The association between MDR tuberculosis and HIV infection is still not clear. A systematic review has suggested no clear association between MDR tuberculosis and HIV infection across time and geographic locations. In the 32 eligible studies the prevalence ratios for MDR tuberculosis were 0.2I-4I [22 ]. The summary prevalence ratios for acquired and primary MDR tuberculosis were 1.17 (95% Cl = 0.86, 1.6) and 2.72 (95% Cl - 2.03, 3.66), respectively. However, the studies qualifying for review were few, and most studies were not adjusted for confounders and heterogeneity. Of 270 South African patients with XDR tuberculosis, 55 % were HIV negative [17 ]. 

Extensive volcanism can be found in eastern Africa associated with the East African rift system. Helium isotope ratios measured in basalts from the Ethiopian Rift Valley and Afar, near the triple junction of Red Sea, Aden, and Ethiopian rift systems, are 6-17/ a (Marty et al., 1993, 1996 Scarsi and Craig, 1996). These values include MORB ratios as well as indications of both contributions from radiogenic He and high He/ He hotspots. To the south, the rift system divides into eastern and western branches. Xenoliths from Tanzanian vents in the eastern branch... 

Whitley, D.S. Annegarn, H.J. (1994) Cation-ratio dating of rock engravings from Klipfontein, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. In Dowson, T.A. Lewis-Williams, J.D. (Eds) Contested Images Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research. Johannesburg University of the Witwatersrand Press, pp. 189-197. 

Southern Italy. There is a pronounced northward decrease in He/ He ratios between the Aeolian Islands of southern Italy and the region of Mt. Vesuvius known as the Campanian Magmatic Province or the Neopolitan volcanic region. Mt. Etna on Sicily can be included in this trend as recent work (e.g., Schiano et al. 2001) indicates a progressive transition from a plume-related to a typical island-arc source for this volcano. The trend or step function in the helium isotope systematics of southern Italy was first pointed out by Sano et al. (1989) and ascribed to shallow crustal contamination effects. However, subsequent work (Marty et al. 1994) has shown the combined He-O-Sr-C isotope systematics are consistent with the progressive involvement of Africa continental crust which has been subducted beneath the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. The influence of the African plate increases in a northerly direction (Marty et al. 1994)—towards Mt. Vesuvius (see data of Graham et al. 1993) and possibly as far north as the Roman and South Tuscany volcanic provinces (see Tedesco 1997). 

---