Sourcing tactics

Suits and Bueche conclude their case-histories with a superb analysis of the sources, tactics and uses of applied research, and make the comment The case histories just summarised show, first of all, the futility of trying to label various elements of the research and development process as basic , applied or development . Given almost any definition of these terms, one can find variations or exceptions among the examples. ... 

The mechanisms by which a jurisdiction develops its air pollution control strategies and episode control tactics are outlined in Fig. 5-1. Most of the boxes in the figure have already been discussed—sources, pollutant emitted, transport and diffusion, atmospheric chemistry, pollutant half-life, air quality, and air pollution effects. To complete an analysis of the elements of the air pollution system, it is necessary to explain the several boxes not vet discussed. 

Strategy for air pollution control Sources and their control Pollutants and their effects Tactics for episode control... 

Polymer stereochemistry, sometimes referred to as tacticity, is not the only source of variation in polymer configuration. For the monosubstituted butadiene isoprene, the structures shown in Figure 3.2 are possible. 

With the same tactic, a meta-stable 3-coordinate iron(III) imido complex was reported by Holland and coworkers [40]. Using the diketiminate-supported dinitrogen iron(I) complex [L T eNNFeU ] as a source of iron(I) precursor [L = 2,4-bis (2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)pent-3-yl], the addition of adamantyl azide (AdN3) in... 

Introducing chirality into polymers has distinctive advantages over the use of nonchiral or atactic polymers because it adds a higher level of complexity, allowing for the formation of hierarchically organized materials. This may have benefits in high-end applications such as nanostructured materials, biomaterials, and electronic materials. Synthetically, chiral polymers are typically accessed by two methods. Firstly, optically active monomers - often obtained from natural sources - are polymerized to afford chiral polymers. Secondly, chiral catalysts are applied that induce a preferred helicity or tacticity into the polymer backbone or activate preferably one of the enantiomers [59-64]. 

Matsuzaki et al. (129) prepared grafted Nylon with branches of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid units by exposure of the trunk polymer to gamma-rays from a cobalt-60 source. They studied the tacticity of the polymeric branches which were separated from the skeleton chain by mild hydrolysis in 6N hydrochloric acid for several hours and determined the stereoregularity in a 100 MHz NMR spectrometer. 

For a proposed route to the target molecule to be successful, it is necessary that all intermediate reactions involved in the separate steps can be conducted with an acceptable result. To achieve an optimum overall result, all intermediary steps must also be optimized. In the paragraphs above it was briefly mentioned how different tactics can be used to control the synthetic steps. For this, a functioning reaction must be available. To find out whether or not a reaction can be used for the desired purpose, it is necessary to run experiments. The outcome of these experiments is sometimes a source of great satisfaction, sometimes, however, it can be very frustrating. Some common situations encountered at this very early stage of a synthetic endeavour and some questions which then arise are ... 

One management tactic suggested for such patients is the avoidance of dairy products. However, as milk is a major component in the human diet, this deprives them from the use of a valuable nutritional source. In addition, since milk can provide much of the required calcium for maintaining bone health, lactose intolerance can also be associated with osteo-paenia in old people (Corazza et al., 1995). A report suggests that by 2020, half of all American citizens older than 50 will have low bone mass and be at risk for fractures from osteoporosis if appropriate dietary and other precautions are not followed (Carmona, 2006). Therefore, excluding milk from diet has adverse effects on health. 

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