Sources of ionization

NCRP (1994). Permissible does from external sources of Ionizing Radition. National Committee on Radition Protection and Measurement, Bethesda, Maryland. 

The blue book compilations [57-59] recommended for experts in the field are probably the most comprehensive sources of ionization constants collected from the literature. On the other hand, the red books contain critically selected values [60]. A useful list of 400 plQ values of pharmaceutically important molecules has been published [23]. AddihonaUy, a more recent compilahon of plQ values of about 250 dmg-like molecules may be found in Ref. [8]. 

Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation... 

Annual effective dose equivalent to humans from natural sources of ionizing radiation... 

It should also be recalled that there are empirical checks which can be used for identification purposes first of all the increase in intensity of d-ionization bands often observed when He(II) is used instead of He(I) as the source of ionization. A more widespread use of such experimental aid is to be strongly recommended and will probably be one of the most fruitful experimental developments in this field. 

The radioisotope cobalt-60, with a half-life of 5.27 years (1925.3 days) through beta ((3) emission, decays to form the stable element nickel-60. It is used to test welds and metal casts for flaws, to irradiate food crops to prolong freshness, as a portable source of ionizing gamma (Y) radiation, for radiation research, and for a medical source of radiation to treat cancers and other diseases. 

One of its isotopes, Am-241, is a portable source for gamma radiography also a source of ionization for smoke detectors. In the glass industry, it is used as a radioactive glass thickness gage. Other isotopes do not have much commercial application. 

Determination of ionization potentials of 89 molecules) 5) W.W. Belevary, "Interaction Between Electromagnetic Waves and Flames , Part 5 Sources of Ionization in Rocket Exhaust , NOTS 1708(1957) (Conf)... 

NCRP (1954). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation (1954) including Maximum Permissible Exposure to Man, Addendum to National Bureau of Standards Handbook 59 (1958) (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland). 

MALDI-TOFF stands for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight. MALDI refers to the source of ionization whereas TOF indicates type of the mass analyzer. 

Irradiate Y with a source of ionizing radiation so that X will change into X, a radioactive isotope of X. 

The sources of ionizing radiation were electrons and positrons with energy from 0.1 to 2.7 MeV (Ref. 142) electrons with energy from 0.1 to 20 keV (Ref. 137) and electrons with energy from 0.6 to 12 keV (Ref. 138). 

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