Source routing

Description of the toxin and source Routes of exposure and signs and symptoms... 

Currently, there are only a few cases where biomarkers can be used for quantitative exposure assessment. Biomarkers can be used to indicate that a person has been exposed and that the chemical has been absorbed into the body. They can often be used to rank exposure among individuals. Biomarkers alone cannot provide information on the source, route, or duration of exposure. Even with these limitations, biomarkers, when appropriately validated, can effectively be used to evaluate trends in these exposures (CDC, 2005) and determine the effect of exposure mitigation strategies as well as predict target tissue dose. 

Exposure. The presence and concentration of di- -butyl phthalate can be measured in a variety of biological tissues and fluids, but no information that would allow correlation of body levels with source, route, amount, or duration of exposure to di- -butyl phthalate was located. The primary metabolite of di- -butyl phthalate in several species is mono- -butyl phthalate, and so mono- -butyl phthalate or its glucuronide conjugate could possibly serve as a biomarker of exposure to di- -butyl phthalate. However, because mono- -butyl phthalate is also a metabolite of butyl benzyl phthalate (Nativelle et al. 1999), it is not a specific biomarker for di- -butyl phthalate. Therefore, studies that identify specific markers of exposure and determine the relationship between body levels of di- -butyl phthalate and exposure are needed to develop methods for identifying and monitoring populations with high exposure to di- -butyl phthalate. 

LDjqS are approximate, drawn from numerous published and unpublished sources. Routes of administration are typically intra-peritoneal or intravenous. 

Johnson, D., Maltz, D., and Jetcheva, J., The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-07.txt, 2002. 

Source routing Source routing token ring to source routing token ring... 

Source routing transparent Source routing token ring to ethernet and vice versa... 

Dichloroethane is a key intermediate of all current processes to produce vinyl chloride. Dichloroethane is obtained by oxychlorination of ethylene [using HCl as chlorine source, route (b) of Topic 5.3.5] or by electrophilic addition of chlorine to ethylene [route (c) of Topic 5.3.5]. Dichloroethane is later converted into vinyl chloride by thermal elimination of HCl from dichloroethane. 

Synthesis from Ge(OC2Hs)4 and H2S or Other S Sources (route B). In 1984, Melling (1984) first proposed a route for the sol-gel synthesis of germanium sulfide. He first attempted to prepare GeS2 from germanium thiolate precursor, Ge(SR)4, using the following reactions ... 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectroscopy were used to study the photo-oxidation of both poly(alpha-methylstyrene) (PMS) and polystyrene (PS) films which had been irradiated at different temperatures and with different radiation sources under an oxygen atmosphere. The oxidised films were treated with ammonia or sulphur tetrafluoride and photolysis carried out under vacuum. Photoproducts from both polymers were broadly similar, but aromatic ketone concentration was higher from the PMS and a new ketone was also identified from this source. Routes for formation of identified photoproducts are proposed. 13 refs. 

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