Sono-chemical techniques

A review on using sonochemistry for the fabrication of nano-materials has been published by Gedanken (2004). It has been remarked that, in almost all the sono-chemical reactions leading to inorganic products, nano-materials were obtained and it was observed that, in the field of materials science, among the methods developed to prepare nano-particles, the sonochemical techniques are superior to the other methods in the following aspects  

Preparation of amorphous products The preparation of metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Au), alloys (Au-Pd, Fe-Co, etc.), oxides, chalcogenides, etc. has been reported. The synthesis of sulphides, for instance, has been obtained in solutions (in water, ethanol, etc.) of the metal chloride or acetate using thioacetamide or thiourea as sulphur precursor. 

Insertion of nano-materials into mesoporous materials-. Ultrasonic radiation has been used for the insertion of amorphous nano-sized catalysts into the mesopores. 

Deposition of nano-particles on ceramic or polymeric surfaces According to the review by Gedanken (2004), sonochemistry has been used to deposit different nanomaterials (metals, oxides, semiconductors) on the surfaces of ceramic and polymeric materials. 

Stibnite nanorods Regular stibnite (Sb2S3) nanorods (20-40 nm diameter, 220-350 nm length) have been synthesized by a sonochemical method under ambient air from an ethanolic solution containing SbCl3 and thioacetamide. In about 2 hours the solution self-heated up to about 60°C. The reaction product was separated by centrifuging and washing, in sequence, with absolute ethanol, water, acetone. 

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Figure 10.8 Construction principles of microelectrode arrays (A) wire technique, (B) sandwich method, (C) composite formation (reprint with permission from reference (15)), and (D) Sono-chemical formation, electrical micrograph with permission from reference (136).

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