Soman effects

Loke WK, Simm MK, Go ML -substituted derivatives of pralidoxime Muscarinic properties and protection against soman effects in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2002 442 279. [PMID 12065082]... 

Buccafusco, J.J., Heithold, D.L., Chon, S.H. (1990). Long-term behavioral and learning abnormalities produced by the irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor soman effect of a standard pretreatment regimen and clonidine. Toxicol. Lett. 52 319-29. 

Geller, I., Hartmarm, R.J., Moran, E., Leal, B.Z., Haines, R.J., Cause, E.M. (1985). Acute soman effects in the juvenile baboon effects on a match-to-sample discrimination task and on total blood acetylcholinesterase. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22 961-6. 

Data on soman (100 pg/kg), sarin (llOpg/kg), tabun (200 pg/kg), and VX (12 pg/kg) are presented in Table 35.6. Following soman treatment, the numbers of necrotic fibers in the SOL and the diaphragm were found to increase up to 24 h and no new lesions appeared subsequently. By day 7, these two muscles appeared to have fully recovered from the soman effect, since no necrotic fibers were seen. In EDL, no morphological changes were seen at any time. While the... 

Blick, D.W., Murphy, M.R., Fanton, J.W., Kerenyi, S.Z., Miller, S.A., and Hartgraves, S.L., Incapacitation and performance recovery after high-dose soman Effects of diazepam. Proceedings of the Medical Chemical Defense Bioscience Review, Columbia, MD, 1989,219. 

Moreover organophosphoric acid esters have found application as insecticides (e.g. Parathion). Some derivatives are highly toxic to man (e.g. Sarin, Soman). The organophosphonates act as inhibitors of the enzyme cholinesterase by phosphorylating it. This enzyme is involved in the proper function of the parasympathetic nervous system. A concentration of 5 x 10 g/L in the air can already cause strong toxic effects to man. 

Another disadvantage of the first generation reactivators lies in their lacking of antidotic effect in respect to affections induced by soman, which causes fast aging of the phosphorylated enzyme. 

High therapeutic effect was received with the usage of atropine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and carboxime (30 mg/kg, i.m.) in animals poisoned with sarin, soman and VX. 

In contrast to dipiroxime, alloxime in therapeutic doses demonstrates a pronounced therapeutic effect in poisonings induced both by sarin and soman (rats and dogs) and by high toxic carbamates (carbofuran, ellocron, pirimor). 

Kim Y-B, Cheon K-C, Hur G-H, Phi T-S, Choi S-J, Hong D, Kang J-G. Effects of combinational prophylactics composed of physostigmine and procyclidine on soman-induced lethality, seizures and brain injuries. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 11(1) 15-21,2002. 

Myhrer T, Skymoen LR, Aas P. Pharmacological agents, hippocampal EEG, and anticonvulsant effects on soman-induced seizures in rats. Neurotoxicol. 24 357-367,2003. 

Philippens IHCHM, Busker RW, Wolthuis OL, Olivier B, Bruijnzeel PLB, Melchers BPC. Subchronic physostigmine pretreatment in guinea pigs effective against soman and without side effects. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 59(4) 1061-1067, 1998. 

Philippens IHCHM, Groen B, Vanwersch RAP. Direct effects of physostigmine as a pretreatment in guinea pigs side effects and efficacy against soman. Proc.TG004 meeting, Medicine Hat, Canada, 2003. 

Raveh L, Chapman S, Cohen G, Alkalay D, Gilat E, Rabinovitz I, Weissman BA. The involvement of the NMDA receptor complex in the protective effect of anticholinergic drugs against soman poisoning. NeuroToxicol. 20(4) 551-560, 1999. 

Highly effective warfare agents (e.g. soman, sarin, tabun) and certain of their direct precursors. 

Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK or MARK I) consists of an atropine auto-injector (2 mg), a pralidoxime chloride auto-injector (2-Pam-Cl, 600 mg), the plastic clip joining the two injectors, and a foam case. The kit serve as a countermeasure to nerve agents, including tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), GF, and VX. Military personnel can receive three MARK I for self/buddy aid. Possible side effects of atropine and/or 2-PAM-C1 are deemed insignificant in a nerve agent casualty. Intravenous atropine and 2-PAM-C1 can also be made available. The MARK I kit is manufactured by Survival Technology, Inc., Rockville, Maryland. 

While nerve agents vary in molecular structure, they all exert the same physiological effect on the body an increase in acetylcholine throughout the body caused by interference with a vital enzyme known as cholinesterase. The four primary nerve agents are tabun, sarin, soman, and VX. 

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