Solvent alkali

Fusion with Alkali and Cupric Oxide in Nonaqueous Solvents. Alkali lignin was fused with potassium hydroxide and cupric oxide in methanol under conditions suggested by Tiemann (20) and in n-amyl alcohol as suggested by Klages (4). These procedures were very effective in earlier model compound studies in our laboratories (12). Ether extracts obtained were less than those from corresponding experiments in aqueous solution, and qualitative compositions were essentially the same. In the case of the amyl alcohol experiments, artifacts with the cupric oxide were obtained. Again, experiments were conducted under more dilute conditions in a bomb under superatmospheric conditions, but results were no better. 

It is logical to consider the nucleophile, Nu, as a source of the electron to be transferred onto the substrate molecule, RX. However, in most cases, the nucleophile is such a poor electron donor that electron transfer from Nu to RX is extremely slow, if it is possible at all. In most cases, the reaction requires an external stimulation in which a catalytic amount of electrons is injected. We have already pointed out such kinds of assistance to the reaction from photochemical and electrochemical initiations or from solvated electrons in the reaction solvent. Alkali metals in liquid ammonia and sodium amalgam in organic solvents can serve as the solvated electron sources. Light initiation is also used widely. However, photochemical initiation complicates the reaction performance. 

The widely known and thoroughly studied methods are thermal and thermocatalytic degradation, which are referred to in the literature as chemical recycling. Chemical recycling and chemical degradation are not the same, because chemical degradation means degradations cansed by chemicals (acids, solvents, alkalis, etc.)... 

Tetrahydrofuran is a useful solvent for such reactions. This fairly polar solvent (dielectric constant = 7.6 at room temperature) promotes transfer of the 3 electron from the sodium to the aromatic compound and stabilizes the resultant complex. The stability of such complexes depends on the solvent, alkali metal counterion, and the nature of the aromatic compound. 

Although these solvents should be electrochemically inactive over a wide potential range, this is not always the case since some solvents may be relatively easily reduced (e.g., nitrobenzene) or oxidized (e.g., amines). However, acetonitrile, which is frequently used in such studies, exhibits a very wide potential window from -t-3.4 to - 2.9 V vs. SCE [5] when tetrabutylammonium salts are used as background electrolytes. In acetonitrile and liquid SO2 as solvents, alkali metal cations could be oxidized [6] at an ultramicroelectrode, even to the divalent state. 

Li(s) organic solvent, alkali metal salt Mn02(s) Li -I- Mn02 LiMn02... 

When GeCl4 is passed with an inert carrier gas through a tube at 1000° and then over a cold surface, brown (GeCl) separates (Schwarz and Baro-netzky, 1954). The substance is insoluble in most solvents. Alkalis attack it ... 

If a mercury cathode is expected to be necessary, the aprotic solvent-alkali-metal salt system appears to be inconvenient since many compounds are cathodically cleaved, reduced, or/and deprotected at potentials beyond that of alkali-metal amalgam formation. nevertheless, in certain cases the use of lithium salts as an electrolyte possessing strong electrophilic properties appears necessary in order to avoid the possibility of a Hofmann degradation of the tetraalkylammonium ion by electrogenerated bases. Under such experimental conditions, the cathodic synthesis of some aza and aza-oxa ligands [31] has been successfully achieved from the corresponding and readily obtained poly-... 

Carbon steels Inhibited mineral or organic acids, organic acids, organic solvents, alkalis and chelants... 

Resistant to solvents, alkali and acids Resistant to acids, alkali and solvents Resistant to acids, alkalis, gasoline and oils ... 

PERMANITE Acid, Solvent, Alkali-Proof Resin Cement, Bulletin No. 4, Maurice A. Knight Co. 

For example, such a copolymer is prepared by charging an autoclave with NMP) as an organic amide solvent, alkali metal sulfide, 4,4 -di-... 

These resins are usually based on orthophthalic acid and can be attacked by chlorinated hydrocarbons, some solvents, alkali solutions and concentrated and oxidizing acids. The heat deformation temperature is approximately 70C (160F). 

Nalankilli, G., Saravanan, D., Govindaraj, N., Harish, R, and Ramachandran, T. (2008]. Efficacy of solvent, alkali and pectinase on removal of non-cellulosics from cotton fibres, Indian J. Fibre Text. Res., 33(4], 438-442. 

Appropriate vacant space shall always be available to receive incoming supplies (separate bays in warehouses for non-compatible materials and empty storage tanks for receiving fuels, acids, solvents, alkali solutions). 

For example, such a copolymer is prepared by charging an autoclave with NMP as an organic amide solvent, alkali metal sulfide, 4,4 -dichlorobenzophenone, and 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. The autoclave is purged with nitrogen, degassed, and the polycondensation is conducted up to 200 °C [48-50], The materials obtained, have been extensively characterized. The results are detailed in the literature [48]. 

Glass fibres are only moderately attacked by water, and are not attacked by organic solvents. Alkalis can degrade glass fibres, and acids can resnlt in spontaneons cracking of a fibre. 

Degreasing J F WATTS Solvent, alkali and emulsion cleaners efficiency... 

Eye Hazards Substances that injure the eye or otherwise reduce visual capacity. Examples include organic solvents, alkalis, acids, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, physical hazards, and others. 

Acetone + Acetone Mesityl Oxide + Phorones Solvents Alkali/MgO, Nb205 523-573 (19,22)... 

Pattern printing and masking Spent stripper and developer solutions Waste rinse waters Vinyl polymers, chlorinated solvents, organic solvents, alkalis... 

Good solvent - alkalies, calcium thiocyanate, sodium xantanate, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid ... 

Good solvent alkalies, acetone, chloroform, esters, mixture of water and alcohols, pyridine, water ... 

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