Solutions of charged

Carnie and Chan and Blum and Henderson have calculated the capacitance for an idealized model of an electrified interface using the mean spherical approximation (MSA). The interface is considered to consist of a solution of charged hard spheres in a solvent of hard spheres with embedded point dipoles, while the electrode is considered to be a uniformly charged hard wall whose dielectric constant is equal to that of the electrolyte (so that image forces need not be considered). 

Separation by capillary electrophoresis is based on the differences in electrophoretic motilities in a solution of charged species in an electric field of small capillaries. Its... 

The Huggins coefficient kn is of order unity for neutral chains and for polyelectrolyte chains at high salt concentrations. In low salt concentrations, the value of kn is expected to be an order of magnitude larger, due to the strong Coulomb repulsion between two polyelectrolyte chains, as seen in the case of colloidal solutions of charged spheres. While it is in principle possible to calculate the leading virial coefficients in Eq. (332) for different salt concentrations, the essential feature of the concentration dependence of t can be approximated by... 

The oxygen quenching of aromatic hydrocarbons in viscous solutions is better approximated by this expression. For ionic solutions of charges ZA and ZB in a medium of dielectric constant e, a coulombic interaction term /is included in the denominator, where... 

Clearly, the results of osmotic pressure measurements on solutions of charged colloidal particles, such as proteins, will be invalid unless precautions are taken either to eliminate or to correct for this Donnan effect. Working at the isoelectric pH of the protein will eliminate the Donnan effect but will probably introduce new errors due to coagulation of the protein. Working with a moderately large salt concentration and a small protein concentration will make the... 

The electrophoretic separation technique is based on the principle that, under the influence of an applied potential field, different species in solution will migrate at different velocities from one another. When an external electric field is applied to a solution of charged species, each ion moves toward the electrode of opposite charge. The velocities of the migrating species depend not only on the electric field, but also on the shapes of the species and their environmment. Historically, electrophoresis has been performed on a support medium such as a semisolid slab gel or in nongel support media such as paper or cellulose acetate. The support media provide the physical support and mechanical stability for the fluidic buffer system. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as an alternative form of electrophoresis, where the capillary wall provides the mechanical stability for the carrier electrolyte. Capillary electrophoresis is the collective term which incorporates all of the electrophoretic modes that are performed within a capillary. 

H. Huang, E. Ruckenstein Interaction Force between Two Charged Plates Immersed in a Solution of Charged Particles. Coupling between Double Layer and Depletion Forces, LANGMUIR 20 (2004) 5412-5417. 

The addition of small amounts of inert salts such as tetrabutylammo-nium perchlorate (TBAP) or hexafluorophosphate (TBAH) to solutions of charge-transfer salts induces large changes in the intensity of the charge-transfer absorption bands. The magnitude of the salt effect is most pronounced in nonpolar solvents (THF, CH2C12). The monotonic decrease in the CT absorbance with increasing amounts of added TBAP is characteristic of the facile competition for the contact ion pair (42), namely,... 

For icNi-exchange HPLC, the retention of a cationic peptidic solute of charge z can be related to the ionic strength of the eluent and the pH such that... 

Fig. 3.4. The free energy AGi i of ion-ion interactions is the electrostatic work of taking an imaginary assembly of discharged ions and charging them up to obtain a solution of charged ions.

The above conclusions have resulted from an analysis of computer simulation data carried out on pure liquids and supercritical fluids, and on liquids in equilibrium with their vapor. One immediate question one should ask concerns thus a more general validity of the reached conclusions. Particularly important problem is to what extent they may remain valid for mixtures. Due to polarizability and other possible effects brought about by electrostatic interactions between unlike species, the pair interaction, and hence the local and, particularly, orientational arrangement may be changed considerably. With respect to a wide variety of mixtures this problem will require rather an extensive investigation. The most difficult mixtures will evidently be solutions of charged objects as e.g. electrolytes. 

Note that if the polymer in dilute solution were highly extended with exponent i> > 2/3, the relaxation time in unentangled semidilute solutions would be predicted to decrease with increasing concentration. This is actually observed for semidilute unentangled solutions of charged poly-mers, called polyelectrolytes, which have u=lin dilute solutions because... 

This interpretation clearly disagrees with the presence of hydrophobic aggregates in solutions of charged polysoaps down to high dilutions, as evid-... 

Numerous published reports show that additions of electrolytes or salts to solutions of charged electron-donor or acceptor complexes dramatically alter rates of charge- or electron-transfer processes/ In electron-transfer oxidations of organic or inorganic substrates by negatively charged acceptors, additions of alkali-metal cations generally result in increases in electron-transfer rates. While examples include reductions of classical... 

An ion in solution of charge z e. with an element of volume dV situated at a distance r. 

An interesting theoretical treatment of light scattering in solutions of charged macromolecules has recently been given by J. J. Hermans (1950). 

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