Solution salinity dependence

This equation shows that the fraction of hydrated ions depends on activities of H O, therefore, grows with lowering of the solutions salinity. 

We have worked out a new method of treating chalazion by injecting lekosim into a pathological formation The doses of 1-5 Fip of lekosim in 0.1-0.5 ml of saline/isotonic solution were dependent on a size of the pathological formation (smaller injection volumes in smaller lesions). Complete resorption of chalazion following 1-3 injections was recorded for 17 patients out of the total number of 28 persons who received this treatment, and in 9 patients complete resorption was recorded after 4-6 injections (8 months observation). 

Minimal Energy Requirements. The relative effect of the cost of the energy on the cost of the freshwater produced depends on local conditions, and is up to one-half of the total. In attempting to reduce this cost, it is of interest to determine the minimal energy amount thermodynamically needed for separating the water from the saline solution. The physical background to this will be introduced in a simple example. Because of the negligible... 

Ferracane, J. L-, Mafiana, P., Cooper, C. and Okabe, T. Time-dependent Dissolution of Amalgams into Saline Solution , Journal of Dental Research, 66, 1331-1335 (1987)... 

The liquid in which the SAH swelling takes place in real soil (the soil solution) always contains a more-or-less wide set of dissolved salts. Their nature and amount depend on the soil composition, the degree of its salinity, the nature of water entering the soil (rainfall, irrigation, river, or groundwater), the fertilizers used. As a rule, alkali cations, Ca2 +, Mg2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and anions CP, CO, SO4, etc. are the main components of the soil solution there exist various models of soil solution and nutrient mixtures employed in research, including SAH testing. 

Solubilities of quartz and amorphous silica in aqueous solutions increase with increasing of temperature (Holland and Malinin, 1979). Solubility of barite depends on salinity and temperature (Blount, 1977). The solubility of barite in hydrothermal solution having more than 1 molal NaCl concentration increases with increasing temperature, while a solubility maximum exists in the solution with NaCl concentration less than ca. 0.2 molal (Blount, 1977). 

If osmotic effects are possible, several other effects would need to be considered in a geochemical-fate assessment, depending on whether the solute concentration is increased or decreased. If solute concentrations are increased, pressures associated with injection would increase beyond those predicted without osmotic effects. Also, the movement of ions to the injection zone from the aquifer with lower salinity (above the clay confining layer) would increase the salinity above those levels predicted by simple mixing of the reservoir fluid and the injected wastes. This action could affect the results of any geochemical modeling. 

Figure 4 Adsorption (g/g) dependence of nonionic cellulose ethers (2500 ppm) on salinity (N, NaCl) of aqueous solution.

Figure 9 Adsorption (rag/g) dependence of nonionic cellulose ethers (2500 ppm) on salinity (N, NaCl) of aqueous solution. Substrate Berea sand (85 wt.%) blended with montraorillonite (15 wt.%). W-SP symbols ...

A commonly used procedure for the determination of phosphate in seawater and estuarine waters involves the formation of the molybdenum blue complex at 35-40 °C in an autoanalyser, and spectrophotometric evaluation of the colour produced [3]. Unfortunately, when applied to seawater samples, depending on the chloride content of the sample, peak distortion or even negative peaks occur which make it impossible to obtain reliable phosphate values. This effect can be overcome by the replacement of the distilled water used in such methods by a solution of sodium chloride of appropriate concentration related to the chloride concentration of the sample. The chloride content of the wash solution need not be exactly equal to that of the sample. For chloride contents in a sample up to 18 000 mg/1, (i.e., seawater), the chloride concentration in the wash should b e within 15% of that in the sample. The use of saline standards is optional but the use of saline control solutions is mandatory. Using good equipment, down to 0.02 mg/1 phosphate can be determined by such procedures. For chloride contents above 18 000 mg/1, the chloride content of the wash should be within 5% of that in the sample. See also Sect. 3.6.1. 

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