Solution Graphic

We first obtain fA explicitly in terms of T from both the material and energy balances, and then examine the solutions graphically. From equation 14.3-5, the material balance, and the given rate law ... 

In 1945, Marcel Pourbaix submitted a Ph.D. dissertation entitled Thermodynamics in dilute solutions graphical representation of the role of pH and potential. It was initially rejected, or so the legend goes. Fortunately for corrosion scientists... 

We can represent this solution graphically (see Figure 2.1) in terms of where the function y = x — 4x + 3 cuts the x-axis, where = 0. 

A liquid containing 60 mole% toluene and 40 mole% benzene is continuously fed to and distilled in a single-stage unit at atmospheric pressure. What percent of benzene in the feed leaves in the vapor if 90% of the toluene entering in the feed leaves in the liquid Assume a relative volatility of 2.3 and obtain the solution graphically. 

Figure 7.18 shows this solution graphically. Here the time constant r and the peak area A are, respectively, t = Csc Rth2 and... 

This RCCA inspection methods has now already proven it s reliability as an industrial solution on two Belgian power plants (Doel 3 and Tihange 1). Thanks to the graphical programming language, each site feedback is immediately injected. This way of working ensures a permanent improvement of the analysis system, and a reduction in manpower for the analysis. 

A graphical method, proposed by Zimm (thus tenned the Zinnn plot), can be used to perfomi this double extrapolation to detemiine the molecular weight, the radius of gyration and the second virial coefficient. An example of a Zinnn plot is shown in figure Bl.9.6 where the light scattering data from a solution of poly... 

Ladder diagrams provide a simple graphical description of a solution s predominate species as a function of solution conditions. They also provide a convenient way to show the range of solution conditions over which a buffer is most effective. For ex-... 

To obviate the tedious graphical iategration, a simplified design procedure was developed on the basis of Colburn s analytical solution, equation 56. Substitution of the ratio presents no problem because this ratio stays fairly constant ia the tower at the low coaceatratioas for which Figure 12 is... 

An important use of the triangular equiHbrium diagram is the graphical solution of material balance problems, such as the calculation of the relative amounts of equiHbrium phases obtained from a given overall mixture composition. As an example, consider a mixture where the overall composition is represented by point M on Figure 2a. If the A-rich phase is denoted by point R (raffinate) and the B-rich phase is denoted by point E (extract), it can be shown that points R, M, and E are coUinear, and also... 

Alternative approaches are to be found in the hterature. Derivations of the above equations are given in numerous texts (2,10—12), which also describe graphical or analytical solutions to the problem. Many of these have direct analogues in other separation processes such as distillation (qv) and hquid—hquid extraction, and use plots such as the McCabe-Thiele diagram or Ponchon-Savarit diagram. 

Data on chemical properties such as self-dissociation constants for sulfuric and dideuterosulfuric acid (60,65,70,71), as well as an excellent graphical representation of physical property data of 100% H2SO4 (72), are available in the Hterature. Critical temperatures of sulfuric acid solutions are presented in Figure 10 (73). 

The graphics capabiUties of the CAD/CAM environment offer a number of opportunities for data manipulation, pattern recognition, and image creation. The direct appHcation of computer graphics to the automation of graphic solution techniques, such as a McCabe-Thiele binary distillation method, or to the preparation of data plots are obvious examples. Graphic simulation has been appHed to the optimisation of chemical process systems as a technique for energy analysis (84). 

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