Solution chemistry and aqueous equilibria

This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Dr E. U. Franck (Ulrich Franck) (1920-2004) who made fundamental contributions in the field of solution chemistry and phase equilibria in aqueous systems at high temperatures and pressures, and whose idea to create an Atlas on Hydrothermal Chemistry was realised with the publication of Aqueous Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in 2004 and this book. 

Why Do We Need to Know This Material The techniques described in this chapter provide rhe tools that we need to analyze and control the concentrations of ions in solution. A great deal of chemistry is carried out in solution, and so this material is fundamental to understanding chemistry. The ionic compounds released into waterways by individuals, industry, and agriculture can impair the quality of our water supplies. However, these hazardous ions can be identified and removed if we add the right reagents. Aqueous equilibria govern the stabilization of the pH in blood, seawater, and other solutions encountered in biology, medicine, and the environment. 

Some of the types of equilibria involved in the unit operations separation and concentration are listed in the introduction, Section 9.17.1. Those which depend most on coordination chemistry, and for which details of metal complex formation are best understood, are associated with hydrometallurgy. Once the metal values have been transferred to an aqueous solution, the separation from other metals and concentration can be achieved by one of the following processes.3... 

Two chapters are devoted to silicate melts. One is an introduction to petro-genetic diagrams, extensively treated in petrology. Aqueous solutions are covered in a single chapter that basically deals with electrolyte solution theory and its applications, since any further subdivision seemed unnecessary. A single chapter was deemed sufficient to describe the up-to-date information about gases. The decision not to treat chemistry and equilibria in the earth s atmosphere was dic-... 

Molybdenum has an extensive aqueous solution chemistry for oxidation states II through VI. It is unique in having aqua or aqua/oxo ions for all five states in acidic solution (pH < 2). These are well defined in all but the Mg 1 case, the study of which is complicated by the existence of rapid equilibria involving protonated/deprotonated monomer/dimer (and higher) forms. The VI state is without question the most stable and in contrast to Crvi is only the mildest of oxidants. Compounds which have contributed to the development of the aqueous solution chemistry, including the aqua ions themselves, are considered under Section 36.1.2. It is only since 1971 that the aqua forms of oxidation state II-V ions have been identified, and... 

Valyashko VM. Phase equilibria and solution properties of aqueous systems at high temperatures and pressures. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam. Steam, Water, and Hydrothermal Systems Physics and Chemistry Meeting the Needs of Industry, Toronto, Canada, Sept 12-16, 1999. Ottawa, Canada NRC Research Press, 2000, pp. 727-735. 

Aime, S., Botta, M., Fasano, M., etal. (1997) Conformational and coordination equilibria on DOTAcomplexes of lanthanide metal ions in aqueous solution smdied by IH-NMR spectroscopy. Inorganic Chemistry, 36, 2059-2068. 

Much important chemistry, including most of the chemistry of the natural world, occurs in aqueous solution. We have already introduced one very significant class of aqueous equilibria, acid-base reactions. In this chapter we consider more applications of acid-base chemistry and introduce two additional types of aqueous equilibria, those involving the solubility of salts and the formation of complex ions. 

The early chapters in this book deal with chemical reactions. Stoichiometry is covered in Chapters 3 and 4, with special emphasis on reactions in aqueous solutions. The properties of gases are treated in Chapter 5, followed by coverage of gas phase equilibria in Chapter 6. Acid-base equilibria are covered in Chapter 7, and Chapter 8 deals with additional aqueous equilibria. Thermodynamics is covered in two chapters Chapter 9 deals with thermochemistry and the first law of thermodynamics Chapter 10 treats the topics associated with the second law of thermodynamics. The discussion of electrochemistry follows in Chapter 11. Atomic theory and quantum mechanics are covered in Chapter 12, followed by two chapters on chemical bonding and modern spectroscopy (Chapters 13 and 14). Chemical kinetics is discussed in Chapter 15, followed by coverage of solids and liquids in Chapter 16, and the physical properties of solutions in Chapter 17. A systematic treatment of the descriptive chemistry of the representative elements is given in Chapters 18 and 19, and of the transition metals in Chapter 20. Chapter 21 covers topics in nuclear chemistry and Chapter 22 provides an introduction to organic chemistry and to the most important biomolecules. 

Solution Chemistry of Molybdates and Tungstates. Mo chemical shifts have been measured in several alkali molybdate solutions and Mo and Mo relaxation times measured in aqueous solutions of Na2Mo04. An extended spectrophoto-metric investigation at high dilution of the protonation of the molybdate ion strongly supports the equilibria shown in equations (7) and (8) in contrast to the previously... 

Martin M G and J I Siepmann 1999. Novel Configurational-bias Monte Carlo Method tor Branched Molecules Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria. 2 United-atom Description of Branched Alkanes Journal of Physical Chemistry 103 4508-4517 Metropolis N, A W Rosenbluth, M N Rosenbluth, A H Teller and E Teller 1953 Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines. Journal of Chemical Physics 21 1087-1092 Okamoto Y and U H E Hansmann 1995. Thermodynamics of HeUx-coU Transitions Studied by Multicanomcal Algorithms. Journal of Physical Chemistry 99 11276-11287 Panagiotopoulos A Z 1987. Direct Determination of Phase Coexistence Properties of Fluids by Monte Carlo Simulation in a New Ensemble. Molecular Physics 61.813-826 Pangali C, M Rao and B J Berne 1978 On a Novel Monte Carlo Scheme for Simulating Water and Aqueous Solutions Chemical Physics Letters 55 413-417. 

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