Solute surface area

The nature of soliite-solnte and solute-solvent in teraction s is dependent on the solvent environment. Solvent influences the hydrogen-bon ding pattern, solute surface area, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic group exposures. 

This model assumes the absence of specific solute-solvent interactions and is based upon a linear relationship between the free energy of solution and solute surface area. It assumes that the overall solubility is simply the sum of the solubilities in the individual solvent components. This model treats the cosolvent and the water as distinct entities and neglects any interaction between them [19,145,226,253,261]. 

Some of the discrepancies in the reported recoveries of different solutes from various waters by different investigators who have used the same functional polymers from different manufacturers can be rationalized by considering the discussions of pore size and surface area. Even when the pore sizes and surface areas are specified, awareness of the uncertainty in their determination is needed. Two polymers having the same listed pore size and surface area can behave quite differently as accumulators of organic solutes surface area does not specify surface orientation for adsorption pore size is not uniform, so the quoted value is an average and experimentally uncertain number. 

It has been found experimentally that the hydrophobic effect is proportional to buried surface area for the transfer of small molecules to hydrophobic solvents. The energy of transfer is 80-100 kJ/mol per A2 of solute surface area that becomes buried (20-25 cal/mol/A2).20-23... 

DNB is more resistant to sonolysis than NB. Because the production of byproducts does not track the disappearance of DNB, volatility is the primary mode of DNB loss. The poor solvation of DNB by water as well as the large solution surface area allows rapid volatility. Because NB is more soluble in water, it remains available for sonolysis longer and produces a wider variety of by-products than sonolysis of DNB therefore, organic compounds that are less soluble in water will be more difficult to effectively treat by sonolysis unless steps are taken to increase the presence of the contaminant in the irradiation zone. It is also noted that a higher irradiation frequency is more efficient for sonolysis. More intermediates are observed at shorter irradiation time than with a lower ultrasonic frequency. In addition, a different subset of intermediates was detected, indicating alternate sonolytic pathways are followed. 

We developed the Analytical Generalized Born plus Non-Polar (AGBNP) model, an implicit solvent model based on the Generalized Born model [37-40,44, 66] for the electrostatic component and on the decomposition of the nonpolar hydration-free energy into a cavity component based on the solute surface area and a solute-solvent van der Waals interaction free energy component modeled using an estimator based on the Born radius of each atom. 

Charcoal historically has been an important adsorbent for a wide range of solutes. Surface areas are often in the range of 1500 m /g. Graphitized charcoal prepared at high temperature is relatively nonpolar, whereas oxidized charcoal prepared by low-temperature oxidation is relatively polar. 

Octahedral cations released to solution-surface area Increased... 

In solubility studies of some substituted biphenyls, it was found (see 5.5.3.1) fliat gA evaluated via eq. [5.5.23] was linearly correlated wifli die nonpolar surface area of the solutes rather than with dieir total surface area the correlation equation was gA = 0.37 A poiar- K was concluded diat die A in the parameter gA is the nonpolar surface area of die solute. This conclusion, however, was based on die assumption diat g is fixed. But the correlation equation can also be written gA = 0.37 F p ,3Aoiai, where F p<,b,= A,K.npoiar/A, is the fraction of solute surface area that is nonpolar. Suppose it is admiUed that g may depend upon the solute (more particularly, it may depend upon the solute s polarity) then the correlation is consistent with the identities A = A fai and g = 0.37... 

During injection, the effectiveness of the spray against elemental iodine vapor is chiefly determined by the rate at which fresh solution surface area is introduced into the containment building atmosphere. The rate of solution surface created per unit gas volume in the containment atmosphere may be estimated as (6F/VD), where F is the volume flow rate of the spray pump, V is the containment building net free volume, and D is the mass-mean diameter of the spray drops. The first-order removal coefficient by spray, A., may be taken to he = 6 T FfV D, where A g is the gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient, and T is the time of fall of the drops, which may be estimated by the ratio of the average fall height to the terminal velocity of the mass-mean drop (Reference...). 

What is the microscopic basis for the hydrophobic effect Because the quantities 2 p°, Ah°, As°, and ACp are proportional to the solute surface area, hy-drophobicity is proportional to the numbers of water molecules in the first solvation shell (see, for example, Jorgensen et al. [1]). 

It is conceivable that Mg corrosion under thin ( p,m) surface solution films is different from that in a bulk solution [1,2]. In particular, oxygen reduction may be an important cathodic reaction. Local alkalization in the thin solution film facilitates formation of a partially protective surface film. These considerations are of particular importance when considering realistic exposure of auto components to salt spray. Thin solution films and high solution surface area imply high availability of oxygen for the cathodic reaction. There is also the issue that the corrosion rate for Mg in intermittent salt spray is much lower than the corrosion rate in immersion tests [30] (Table 12.2). 

Wallqvist and Berne used an FEP method to determine hydration free energies for hard-sphere cavities as a function of both size and shape. They observed a nearly linear relationship between solute surface area and hydration free energy for both spherical and ellipsoidal cavities. The hydration free energy also exhibited a significant dependence on solute curvature. ... 

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